Repair and Diagnosis (Single Page)

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• Quick Lookups
  • Common Specs & Procedures
    • Specifications Index
  • DTC Index
    • A/C-Heater Systems DTCS
    • Air Bag Restraint Systems DTCS
    • Anti-Lock Brakes DTCS
    • Anti-Theft Systems DTCS
    • Automatic Transmission Electronic Controls (5R44E & 5R55E) Diagnosis DTCS
    • Evaporative Emissions DTCS
    • Instrument Panels DTCS
      • Instrument Panels Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) List
      • Instrument Panels (4WD Control Module) Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) List
    • Lighting DTCS
    • MULTIFUNCTION Electronic Modules DTCS
    • Power Door Locks & Remote Keyless Entry Systems DTCS
    • Power Windows DTCS
    • Self-Diagnostics DTCS
    • Steering Column Switches DTCS
    • Transfer Case DTCS
    • Wiper/Washer Systems DTCS
  • Electrical Component Locations
    • Diagnostic Connector (DLC) Locations
      • Domestic Cars
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Domestic Light Trucks & Vans
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Imported Cars & Trucks
        • ACURA
        • AUDI
        • BENTLEY
        • BMW
        • DAIHATSU
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • FERRARI
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
        • HONDA
        • HYUNDAI
        • INFINITI
        • ISUZU
        • Jaguar
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        • Land Rover
        • LEXUS
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        • MERCEDES-BENZ
        • MITSUBISHI
        • NISSAN
        • PEUGEOT
        • PORSCHE
        • RENAULT
        • Rolls-ROYCE
        • SAAB
        • SUBARU
        • SUZUKI
        • TOYOTA
        • VOLKSWAGEN
        • VOLVO
    • Electrical Component Locator
      • Buzzers, Relays & Timers
      • Circuit Protection Devices
      • Control Units
      • Motors
      • Sending Units & Sensors
      • Solenoids & Solenoid Valves
      • Switches
      • Miscellaneous
      • Connectors
      • Grounds
      • Splices
      • Component Location Graphics
  • Fluids
  • Technical Bulletins
    • Campaigns
    • Safety Recalls
    • Technical Service Bulletins
  • Tire Fitment
  • Wiring Diagrams
    • OEM Connector End Views
      • Connector End Views
        • A/C Clutch Solenoid Connector End View (C100)
        • Crankshaft Position Sensor Connector End View (C101)
        • Generator Connector End View (C102a)
        • Generator Connector End View (C102b)
        • Generator Connector End View (C102c)
        • Oil Pressure Switch Connector End View (C103)
        • Cylinder-Head Temperature Sensor Connector End View (C107)
        • Knock Sensor Connector End View (C108)
        • Knock Sensor Connector End View (C109)
        • Inline Connector End View (C110)
        • Speed Control Servo Connector End View (C122)
        • Brake Fluid Level Switch Connector End View (C124)
        • Windshield Wiper Motor Connector End View (C125)
        • Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensor Connector End View (C128)
        • Horn Connector End View (C131)
        • ABS Control Module Connector End View (C135)
        • Windshield Washer Pump Motor Connector End View (C137)
        • Inline Connector End View (C139)
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #12 Connector End View (C142)
        • Inline Connector End View (C144)
        • Inline Connector End View (C146)
        • Wheel Speed Sensor, Left Front Connector End View (C150)
        • Fog Lamp, Left Front Connector End View (C152)
        • Wheel Speed Sensor, Right Front Connector End View (C160)
        • Fog Lamp, Right Front Connector End View (C162)
        • Intermediate Shaft Speed (ISS) Sensor Connector End View (C164)
        • Digital Transmission Range (DTR) Sensor Connector End View (C167)
        • 5R44E Transmission Connector End View (C168)
        • Reversing Lamps Switch Connector End View (C169)
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #11 Connector End View (C171)
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #21 Connector End View (C172)
        • Ignition Transformer Capacitor 1 Connector End View (C174)
        • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Connector End View (C175) (1 Of 3)
        • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Connector End View (C175) (2 Of 3)
        • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Connector End View (C175) (3 Of 3)
        • Camshaft Position Sensor Connector End View (C180)
        • Fuel Injector 1 Connector End View (C181)
        • Fuel Injector 2 Connector End View (C182)
        • Fuel Injector 3 Connector End View (C183)
        • Fuel Injector 4 Connector End View (C184)
        • Fuel Injector 5 Connector End View (C185)
        • Fuel Injector 6 Connector End View (C186)
        • Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) Connector End View (C189)
        • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) Sensor Connector End View (C193)
        • Starter Motor Connector End View (C197a)
        • Starter Motor Connector End View (C197b)
        • 5R55E Transmission Connector End View (C199)
        • Multifunction Switch Connector End View (C202a)
        • Multifunction Switch Connector End View (C202b)
        • Main Light Switch Connector End View (C205)
        • Instrument Panel Dimming Module Connector End View (C206)
        • Inline Connector End View (C210)
        • Inline Connector End View (C211)
        • Inline Connector End View (C212)
        • Inline Connector End View (C213)
        • Inline Connector End View (C214)
        • Inline Connector End View (C215)
        • Air Bag Sliding Contact Connector End View (C218a)
        • Air Bag Sliding Contact Connector End View (C218b)
        • Inline Connector End View (C219)
        • Instrument Cluster Connector End View (C220a)
        • Instrument Cluster Connector End View (C220b)
        • Instrument Cluster Connector End View (C220c)
        • Fog Lamp Switch Connector End View (C240)
        • Ignition Switch Connector End View (C250)
        • Data Link Connector (DLC) Connector End View (C251)
        • Glove Box Lamp Connector End View (C254)
        • Passenger Air Bag Module Connector End View (C256)
        • Clutch Pedal Position Switch Connector End View (C257)
        • Central Security Module Connector End View (C274a)
        • Central Security Module Connector End View (C274b)
        • Brake Pedal Position Switch Connector End View (C278)
        • Transmission Control Switch Connector End View (C279)
        • Four-Wheel Drive Control Module Connector End View (C281a)
        • Four-Wheel Drive Control Module Connector End View (C281b)
        • Inertia Fuel Shutoff (IFS) Switch Connector End View (C282)
        • Four-Wheel Drive Switch Connector End View (C284)
        • Blend Door Actuator Connector End View (C289)
        • Audio Unit Connector End View (C290a)
        • Audio Unit Connector End View (C290b)
        • Audio Unit Connector End View (C290c)
        • Function Selector Switch Assembly, Front Connector End View (C294a)
        • Function Selector Switch Assembly, Front Connector End View (C294b)
        • Function Selector Switch Assembly, Front Connector End View (C294c)
        • Function Selector Switch Assembly, Front Connector End View (C294d)
        • Inline Connector End View (C300)
        • Passenger Safety Belt Retractor Pretensioner Connector End View (C303)
        • Inline Connector End View (C340)
        • Gearmotor Encoder Assembly Connector End View (C350)
        • Park/Stop/Turn Lamp, Left Rear Connector End View (C412)
        • Park/Stop/Turn Lamp, Right Rear Connector End View (C415)
        • Inline Connector End View (C421)
        • Fuel Tank Pressure Transducer Sensor Connector End View (C435)
        • Trailer Tow Connector End View (C439)
        • Evaporative Emission (EVAP) Canister Vent Valve Connector End View (C450)
        • Reversing Lamp, Left Connector End View (C451)
        • License Plate Lamp, Left Connector End View (C454)
        • Rear Axle Speed Sensor Connector End View (C455)
        • Reversing Lamp, Right Connector End View (C461)
        • License Plate Lamp, Right Connector End View (C464)
        • Master Window Adjust Switch Connector End View (C504)
        • Door Lock Switch, Driver Side Connector End View (C505)
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror, Left Connector End View (C522)
        • Speaker, Left Front Connector End View (C523)
        • Power Window Motor, Driver Side Front Connector End View (C524)
        • Door Lock Actuator, Left Front Connector End View (C525)
        • Door Ajar Switch, Left Front Connector End View (C526)
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror Switch Connector End View (C527)
        • Door Ajar Switch, Right Front Connector End View (C602)
        • Door Lock Actuator, Right Front Connector End View (C603)
        • Window Adjust Switch, Passenger Side Connector End View (C604)
        • Door Lock Switch, Passenger Side Connector End View (C605)
        • Power Window Motor, Passenger Side Front Connector End View (C608)
        • Speaker, Right Front Connector End View (C612)
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror, Right Connector End View (C622)
        • Speaker, Left Rear Connector End View (C702)
        • Inline Connector End View (C710)
        • Door Ajar Switch, Driver Side Rear Connector End View (C715)
        • Speaker, Right Rear Connector End View (C802)
        • Inline Connector End View (C810)
        • Door Ajar Switch, Passenger Side Rear Connector End View (C820)
        • Cargo Lamp Assembly Connector End View (C927)
        • Interior/Map Lamps Assembly, Front Connector End View (C931a)
        • Interior/Map Lamps Assembly, Front Connector End View (C931b)
        • Wiper High/Low Relay Connector End View (C1001)
        • Wiper Run/Park Relay Connector End View (C1002)
        • Windshield Washer Relay Connector End View (C1004)
        • Fog Lamp Relay Connector End View (C1007)
        • A/C Clutch Relay Connector End View (C1008)
        • Blower Motor Relay Connector End View (C1011)
        • PCM Power Relay Connector End View (C1016)
        • Starter Relay Connector End View (C1017)
        • PCM Power Diode Connector End View (C1018)
        • Headlamp, Left Connector End View (C1021)
        • Park/Turn Lamp, Left Front Connector End View (C1023)
        • Deactivator Switch Connector End View (C1025)
        • EVAP Canister Purge Valve Connector End View (C1029)
        • Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) Module Connector End View (C1030)
        • Heater Blower Motor Connector End View (C1031)
        • Heater Blower Motor Resistor, Front Connector End View (C1032)
        • Battery Junction Box (BJB) Connector End View (C1035)
        • Fog Lamp Isolation Relay Connector End View (C1038)
        • Headlamp, Right Connector End View (C1041)
        • Park/Turn Lamp, Right Front Connector End View (C1043)
        • Engine Cooling Fan Motor Connector End View (C1048)
        • Fuel Pump Relay Connector End View (C1051)
        • Engine Cooling Fan Relay Connector End View (C1055)
        • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) Sender Connector End View (C1061)
        • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) Sender Connector End View (C1064)
        • Ignition Coil Connector End View (C1065)
        • Idle Air Control (IAC) Valve Connector End View (C1066)
        • A/C High Pressure Switch Connector End View (C1078)
        • A/C Compressor Cycling Switch Connector End View (C1081)
        • Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Connector End View (C1087)
        • Battery Connector End View (C1100a)
        • Battery Connector End View (C1100b)
        • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) Sensor Connector End View (C1107)
        • Crankshaft Position Sensor Connector End View (C1120)
        • Power Steering Pressure Switch Connector End View (C1121)
        • Side Lamp, Right Front Connector End View (C1126)
        • Side Lamp, Left Front Connector End View (C1127)
        • Ignition Coil Connector End View (C1134)
        • Ignition Coil Connector End View (C1136)
        • EGR Stepper Motor Connector End View (C1160)
        • Swirl Control Monitor Connector End View (C1161)
        • Electronic Thermostat Connector End View (C1162)
        • Swirl Control Solenoid Valve Connector End View (C1163)
        • Camshaft Position Sensor Connector End View (C1180)
        • Fuel Injector 1 Connector End View (C1181)
        • Fuel Injector 2 Connector End View (C1182)
        • Fuel Injector 3 Connector End View (C1183)
        • Fuel Injector 4 Connector End View (C1184)
        • Fuel Injector 5 Connector End View (C1185)
        • Fuel Injector 6 Connector End View (C1186)
        • Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) Connector End View (C1189)
        • Trailer Tow Relay Connector End View (C1194)
        • Brake Shift Interlock Connector End View (C2008)
        • Parking Brake Switch Connector End View (C2015)
        • Interior Lamp Relay Connector End View (C2022)
        • Cigar Lighter, Front Connector End View (C2031a)
        • Cigar Lighter, Front Connector End View (C2031b)
        • Power Point Connector End View (C2033)
        • Restraints Control Module Connector End View (C2041)
        • Indicator Flasher Relay Connector End View (C2047)
        • Battery Saver Relay Connector End View (C2048)
        • One-Touch Window Relay Connector End View (C2051)
        • Window Safety Relay Connector End View (C2058)
        • Horn Relay Connector End View (C2077)
        • Passive Anti-Theft Transceiver Connector End View (C2097)
        • Passenger Air Bag Deactivation (PAD) Switch Connector End View (C2099)
        • Generic Electronic Module (GEM) Connector End View (C2100a)
        • Generic Electronic Module (GEM) Connector End View (C2100b)
        • Inline Connector End View (C2104)
        • Driver Safety Belt Retractor Pretensioner Connector End View (C3014)
        • Subwoofer Connector End View (C3020)
        • Subwoofer Amplifier Connector End View (C3041a)
        • Subwoofer Amplifier Connector End View (C3041b)
        • Subwoofer Amplifier Connector End View (C3041c)
        • 4x4 Mode Switch Connector End View (C3061)
        • Fuel Tank Unit Connector End View (C4033)
        • Fuel Tank Unit Connector End View (C4074)
    • System Wiring Diagrams
      • Using lemon2025'S Wiring Diagrams
      • Air Conditioning
      • Anti-Lock Brakes
      • Anti-Theft
      • Body Control Modules
      • Computer Data Lines
      • Cooling Fan
        • 2.3L
      • Cruise Control
      • Engine Performance
        • 2.3L
        • 3.0L
        • 4.0L
      • Exterior Lights
      • Ground Distribution
      • Headlights
      • Horn
      • Instrument Cluster
      • Interior Lights
      • Power Distribution
      • Power Mirrors
      • Power Windows
      • Radio
      • Shift Interlock
      • Starting/Charging
      • Supplemental Restraints
      • Transmission
        • Notes
        • 2.3L
        • 3.0L
        • 4.0L
      • Warning Systems
      • Wiper/Washer
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
• Accessories & Equipment
  • Anti-Theft Systems
    • Anti Theft System
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Anti-Theft - Passive Anti-Theft System (PATS)
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Anti-Theft-Passive Anti-Theft System (PATS)
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Powertrain Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Antenna Detected
            • Pinpoint Test B: Pats Ignition Key Transponder Signal Is Not Received
            • Pinpoint Test C: Pats Received Incorrect Key-Code From Ignition Key Transponder
            • Pinpoint Test D: Pats Received Invalid Format Of Key-Code From Ignition Key Transponder
            • Pinpoint Test E: Pats Transceiver Module Signal Is Not Received
            • Pinpoint Test F: Anti-Theft Number Of Programmed Keys Is Below Minimum
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Anti-Theft Indicator Is Always/Never On
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Vehicle Does Not Start
      • General Procedures
        • Key Programming Using Two Programmed Keys
        • Key Programming Using Diagnostic Equipment
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Key Programming Using Diagnostic Equipment
        • Key Programming Switch State Control
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Key Programming Switch State Control
          • Unlimited Key Mode Programming
            • Enabling Unlimited Key Mode
            • Disabling Unlimited Key Mode
        • Spare Key Programming
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Spare Key Programming
        • Anti-Theft Security Access
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Anti-Theft Security Access
      • Removal & Installation
        • Passive Anti-Theft System (PATS) Transceiver
          • Removal & Installation
    • Component Testing
      • Introduction
      • Component Testing
        • Headlamp Switch, Exterior Lamps
        • Headlamp Switch, Interior Lamps
          • Component Testing Procedure
        • Ignition Switch
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Wiper/Washer Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Lamp Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Turn Portion
        • Master Window Adjust Switch
        • Power Window Switch, Passenger Door
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror Switch
        • Door Lock Switch, Driver Side
        • Door Lock Switch, Passenger Side
        • Relay - Mini ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
        • Relay - Micro ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
    • Handles, Locks, Latches & Entry Systems
      • Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Handles, Locks, Latches & Entry Systems
          • Notes
          • Keyless Entry
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Locks, Latches & Entry Systems - Module Controlled
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
            • Power Door Locks
            • Keyless Entry
          • Inspection & Verification
            • Notes
            • Central security module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Test
            • Pinpoint Test A: All Door Locks Are Inoperative From One Switch
            • Pinpoint Test B: All Door Locks Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test C: A Single Door Lock Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Doors Do Not Lock/Unlock Using The Remote Transmitter
            • Pinpoint Test E: Remote Keyless Entry Transmitter Out Of Synchronization
            • Pinpoint Test F: Panic Feature Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate Correctly
      • General Procedures
        • Latch Adjustment - Hood
        • Remote Transmitter Programming
      • Removal & Installation
        • Hood Latch
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Door Latch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Door Latch - Upper
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Rear Door Latch - Lower
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Tailgate Latch
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Hood Latch Release Handle
          • Removal & Installation
        • Exterior Front Door Handle
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Exterior Rear Door Handle
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Interior Door Handle
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Tailgate Release Handle
          • Removal & Installation
        • Ignition Lock Cylinder - Functional
          • Removal & Installation
        • Ignition Lock Cylinder - Non Functional
          • Removal & Installation
        • Door Lock Cylinder
          • Removal & Installation
        • Tailgate Latch Remote Control
          • Removal
        • Door Ajar Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Door Ajar Switch - Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Removal & Installation
    • Passive Anti-Theft System Job Aid
      • Passive Anti-Theft System (Pats) Specifications
        • Ford System (Pats) Specifications
        • LINCOLN System (Pats) Specifications
        • Mercury System (Pats) Specifications
      • Pats Key Types
      • Diagnostic Trouble Codes
      • Non-Pats Issues
      • Things To Do:
      • Things Not To Do:
      • Programming Procedures
        • Notes
        • Key Programming Using Diagnostic Tools
          • Procedure #1
          • Procedure #2
          • Procedure #3
        • Spare Key Programming Using Diagnostic Tools
          • Procedure #4
        • Spare Key Programming Using Programmed Keys
          • Procedure #5
          • Procedure #6
        • Replacing Pats Control Module Or Pcm
          • Procedure #7
          • Procedure #8
    • Remote Keyless Entry System [Transmitter Programming Procedures]
      • Programming Methods & Transmitter Types
        • Programming Method And Transmitter Type Application
        • Transmitter Type Identification
        • Programming Methods
          • Programming Method A
          • Programming Method D
          • Programming Method I
          • Programming Method K
          • Programming Method L
          • Programming Method M
          • Programming Method N
          • Programming Method O
      • Helpful Hints
        • Remote Entry Programming Procedure
        • Poor Operating Range Performance
        • Miscellaneous
  • Communication Devices
    • Module Communications Network System
      • Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Communications Network
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Communications Network
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
            • Notes
            • System Precheck
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Pinpoint Test PC: Data Link Diagnostics Test
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The 4-Wheel Anti-Lock Brake (4WABS) Control Module Does Not Respond To The Diagnostic Tool
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Generic Electronic Module (Gem) Does Not Respond To The Diagnostic Tool
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Restraint Control Module (RCM) Does Not Respond To The Diagnostic Tool
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Central Security Module Does Not Respond To The Diagnostic Tool
            • Pinpoint Test E: The Powertrain Control Module (Pcm) Does Not Respond To The Diagnostic Tool
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Four Wheel Drive (4WD) Control Module Does Not Respond To The Diagnostic Tool
            • Pinpoint Test G: No Module / Network Communication -ISO 9141 Network
            • Pinpoint Test H: No Module / Network Communication -SCP Link
            • Pinpoint Test I: No Module / Network Communication -No Power To The Diagnostic Tool
      • General Procedures
        • Communication Circuit Wiring Repair
    • Module Configuration System
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Module Configuration
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
            • Notes
            • Programmable Module Installation (PMI)
            • Calibration Update
            • Programmable Parameters
            • Vehicle Identification (VID) Block
            • As-Built Data Center
          • Inspection & Verification
            • Notes
            • Configurable Modules
    • MULTIFUNCTION Electronic Modules System
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Module Controlled Functions
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Chart
        • Generic Electronic Module (GEM)
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Generic Electronic Module (Gem)
        • Vehicle Security Module
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test B: No Communication With The Central Security Module
      • Removal & Installation
        • Generic Electronic Module (GEM)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Vehicle Security Module
          • Removal & Installation
  • Cruise Control Systems
    • Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
    • Description & Operation
      • Speed Control
    • Diagnosis & Testing
      • Speed Control
        • Notes
        • Special Tool(s)
        • Principles of Operation
        • Inspection & Verification
          • Notes
          • Self-Test Diagnostics
        • Symptom Chart
        • Pinpoint Tests
          • Pinpoint Test A: The Speed Control Is Inoperative - No Flash Codes
          • Pinpoint Test B: The Set Speed Fluctuates
          • Pinpoint Test C: The Speed Control Does Not Disengage When The Brakes Are Applied
          • Pinpoint Test D: The Speed Control Does Not Disengage When The Clutch Is Applied
          • Pinpoint Test E: The Speed Control Switch Is Inoperative
          • Pinpoint Test F: Flash Code 1 - No Dynamic Pull At Speed Control Servo
          • Pinpoint Test G: Flash Code 2 - Brake Pedal Position Switch Circuit Failure
          • Pinpoint Test H: Flash Code 3 - DEACTIVATOR Switch Circuit Failure
          • Pinpoint Test I: The Speed Control Indicator Lamp Is Always On
          • Pinpoint Test J: Flash Code 4 - Speed Signal
    • Removal & Installation
      • Speed Control Cable
        • Removal & Installation
          • Vehicles With 2.3L Engine
      • Speed Control Servo
        • Removal & Installation
      • Speed Control Switch
        • Removal & Installation
      • Speed Control Deactivator Switch
        • Removal & Installation
  • Entertainment Systems
    • Antenna System
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Antenna
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Antenna
      • Removal And Installation
        • Cable - One Piece
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Cable - Two Piece
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • Audio Unit System
      • Description & Operation
        • Audio System
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Audio System
      • Removal & Installation
        • Audio Unit
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
    • Entertainment System - General Information
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Audio System
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
            • Notes
            • Speaker Walk-Around Test - M100 AM/FM
            • Speaker Walk-Around Test - M100 AM/FM Single Compact Disk Audio Unit
            • Speaker Walk-Around Test-Tremor 2 Audio Unit, DM100i, CDX6, & M100 AM/FM Single Compact Disk Audio Unit
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Audio Unit Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test B: Poor Reception
            • Pinpoint Test C: Continuous Seek/Scan In Am/Fm
            • Pinpoint Test D: Poor Quality Sound From One Or More Speakers (Not All Speakers)
            • Pinpoint Test E: Poor Quality Sound From All Speakers
            • Pinpoint Test F: No Sound From One Or More Of The Speakers (Not All Speakers)
            • Pinpoint Test G: No Sound From All Of The Speakers
            • Pinpoint Test H: No Sound From One Or More Of The Speakers (Not All Speakers)-Tremor 2
            • Pinpoint Test I: No Sound From All Of The Speakers-Tremor 2
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Subwoofer Is Inoperative-Tremor 2
            • Pinpoint Test K: Loud Popping Sound When Cycling The Ignition Switch-Tremor 2
    • Speaker System
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Speakers
        • Speakers - Four-Door, SuperCab
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Speakers
      • Removal And Installation
        • Speaker -Door Mounted
          • Removal and Installation
  • Exterior Lights
    • Component Testing
      • Introduction
      • Component Testing
        • Headlamp Switch, Exterior Lamps
        • Headlamp Switch, Interior Lamps
          • Component Testing Procedure
        • Ignition Switch
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Wiper/Washer Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Lamp Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Turn Portion
        • Master Window Adjust Switch
        • Power Window Switch, Passenger Door
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror Switch
        • Door Lock Switch, Driver Side
        • Door Lock Switch, Passenger Side
        • Relay - Mini ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
        • Relay - Micro ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
    • Exterior Lighting System
      • Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Exterior Lighting
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Headlamps
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Both Headlamps Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Low Beams Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test C: The High Beams Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Headlamps Are On Continuously
        • Stoplamps
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test E: The STOPLAMPS Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test F: One Or More STOPLAMPS Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test G: The STOPLAMPS Are On Continuously
        • Turn Signal & Hazard Lamps
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
            • Notes
            • Indicator Flasher Reset/Re-Program Procedure
            • Reset Procedure
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Turn Signal Lamps Are Never On
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Hazard Lamps Are Never On
            • Pinpoint Test K: One Turn Signal/Hazard Lamp Is Never On
        • Parking, Rear & License Lamps
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Test
            • Pinpoint Test L: One Or More Parking, Rear Or License Lamps Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test M: The Parking, Rear Or License Lamps Are On Continuously
        • Fog Lamps
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Test
            • Pinpoint Test N: The Fog Lamps Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test P: The Individual Fog Lamp Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test Q: The Fog Lamps Are On Continuously
        • Reversing Lamps
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test R: The Reversing Lamps Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test S: The Individual Reversing Lamp Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test T: The Reversing Lamps Are On Continuously
        • Trailer Lamps
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test U: The Trailer Lamps Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test V: The Trailer Lamps Are Inoperative - RH Trailer Turn Signals/STOPLAMPS/Hazard Lamps
            • Pinpoint Test W: The Trailer Lamps Are Inoperative - LH Trailer Turn Signals/STOPLAMPS/Hazard Lamps
            • Pinpoint Test X: The Trailer Lamps Are Inoperative - Parking Lamps
      • General Procedures
        • Headlamp Adjustment
          • Headlamp Aiming
          • Photometric Aiming
          • Screen Method Aiming
            • All Headlamp Types
            • VOR Type Headlamps
            • VOL Type Headlamps
          • Mechanical Aiming
      • Removal & Installation
        • Bulb - Headlamp
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Headlamp Assembly
          • Removal & Installation
        • Side Turn Signal Lamp - Bulb
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Lamp Assembly
          • Removal & Installation
        • Lamp Assembly - Hi-Mount
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Lamps Switch - Headlamp
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Lamp Switch - Dimmer
          • Removal & Installation
        • Lamp Switch - Multi-Function
          • Removal & Installation
        • Lamp Switch - Fog
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Brake Pedal Position (BPP) Switch
          • Removal & Installation
  • Gauges & Instrument Panels
    • Instrument Cluster System
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Instrument Cluster
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Printed Circuit
          • Gauge Indication Systems
          • Instrument Cluster Gauge Amplifier/Check Gauge Module
          • Fuel Sending Unit
          • Water Temperature Indicator Sender Unit
          • Oil Pressure Indicator Sender Unit
          • Charge Indicator System
          • Speedometer
          • Odometer
          • Trip Odometer
          • Tachometer
          • Warning Indicators
            • Brake System
            • Charge System Warning Indicator
            • Check Engine Light
            • Air Bag
            • Safety Belt
            • Low Fuel
            • Door Ajar
            • High Beam
            • Overdrive Off
            • Anti-Theft
            • Speed Control
            • Check Fuel Cap
            • Check Gage
          • Inspection & Verification
          • GEM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Four Wheel Drive (4WD) Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Incorrect Fuel Gauge Indication
            • Pinpoint Test B: Incorrect Temperature Gauge Indication
            • Pinpoint Test C: Incorrect Oil Pressure Gauge Indication
            • Pinpoint Test D: Inaccurate Speedometer Reading
            • Pinpoint Test E: The Speedometer/Odometer Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Tachometer Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test G: Incorrect Tachometer Indication
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Charge System Warning Indicator Is Never On
            • Pinpoint Test I: The Anti-Lock Brake Warning Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Check Fuel Cap Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test K: The High Beam Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test L: The Check Engine/Malfunction Indicator Lamp (Mil) Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test M: The LH Turn Signal Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test N: The RH Turn Signal Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test O: The O/D Off Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test P: The Speed Control Indicator Is Never On
            • Pinpoint Test Q: The Brake Warning Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test R: The Check Gage Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test S: The Door Ajar Indicator Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test T: The Safety Belt Warning Indicator Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test U: The 4X4 High, 4X4 Low Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test V: The Air Bag Indicator Is Inoperative
          • Component Tests
            • Gauge Test - Magnetic Gauge Test
            • Gauge Test - Engine Coolant Temperature Gauge
            • Gauge Test - Oil Pressure Gauge/Oil Pressure Switch
      • Removal & Installation
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Removal & Installation
        • Instrument Cluster Printed Circuit
          • Removal & Installation
        • Warning Indicator Bulb
          • Removal & Installation
        • Cluster Lens
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • Instrument Cluster System And Panel Illumination
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Instrument Cluster & Panel Illumination
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Instrument Cluster & Panel Illumination
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Control Illumination Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Instrument Cluster Illumination Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Climate Control Illumination Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Audio System Illumination Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test E: A Single Illumination Source Is Inoperative - Headlamp Switch
            • Pinpoint Test F: A Single Illumination Source Is Inoperative - 4WD Mode Switch
            • Pinpoint Test G: A Single Illumination Source Is Inoperative - Fog Lamp Switch
            • Pinpoint Test H: A Single Illumination Source Is Inoperative - Speed Control Actuator Switches
      • Removal & Installation
        • Switch
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Bulb - Instrument Cluster
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Bulb - Climate Control
          • Removal & Installation
    • Instrument Panel & Console
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Instrument Panel
        • Console -Floor
      • Removal And Installation
        • Instrument Panel
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Console -Floor
          • Removal
          • Installation
  • Headlights
    • Component Testing
      • Introduction
      • Component Testing
        • Headlamp Switch, Exterior Lamps
        • Headlamp Switch, Interior Lamps
          • Component Testing Procedure
        • Ignition Switch
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Wiper/Washer Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Lamp Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Turn Portion
        • Master Window Adjust Switch
        • Power Window Switch, Passenger Door
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror Switch
        • Door Lock Switch, Driver Side
        • Door Lock Switch, Passenger Side
        • Relay - Mini ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
        • Relay - Micro ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
    • Daytime Running Lamp System
      • Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Daytime Running Lamps (DRL)
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Daytime Running Lamps (DRL)
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
            • Daytime Running Lamps (DRL)
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Daytime Running Lamps Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Daytime Running Lamps Are On With The Ignition Switch Off
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Daytime Running Lamps Are Inoperative-The Low Beam Headlamps Are On At Full Intensity In DRL Mode
      • Removal & Installation
        • Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) Module
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • Exterior Lighting System
      • Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Exterior Lighting
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Headlamps
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Both Headlamps Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Low Beams Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test C: The High Beams Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Headlamps Are On Continuously
        • Stoplamps
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test E: The STOPLAMPS Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test F: One Or More STOPLAMPS Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test G: The STOPLAMPS Are On Continuously
        • Turn Signal & Hazard Lamps
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
            • Notes
            • Indicator Flasher Reset/Re-Program Procedure
            • Reset Procedure
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Turn Signal Lamps Are Never On
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Hazard Lamps Are Never On
            • Pinpoint Test K: One Turn Signal/Hazard Lamp Is Never On
        • Parking, Rear & License Lamps
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Test
            • Pinpoint Test L: One Or More Parking, Rear Or License Lamps Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test M: The Parking, Rear Or License Lamps Are On Continuously
        • Fog Lamps
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Test
            • Pinpoint Test N: The Fog Lamps Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test P: The Individual Fog Lamp Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test Q: The Fog Lamps Are On Continuously
        • Reversing Lamps
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test R: The Reversing Lamps Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test S: The Individual Reversing Lamp Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test T: The Reversing Lamps Are On Continuously
        • Trailer Lamps
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test U: The Trailer Lamps Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test V: The Trailer Lamps Are Inoperative - RH Trailer Turn Signals/STOPLAMPS/Hazard Lamps
            • Pinpoint Test W: The Trailer Lamps Are Inoperative - LH Trailer Turn Signals/STOPLAMPS/Hazard Lamps
            • Pinpoint Test X: The Trailer Lamps Are Inoperative - Parking Lamps
      • General Procedures
        • Headlamp Adjustment
          • Headlamp Aiming
          • Photometric Aiming
          • Screen Method Aiming
            • All Headlamp Types
            • VOR Type Headlamps
            • VOL Type Headlamps
          • Mechanical Aiming
      • Removal & Installation
        • Bulb - Headlamp
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Headlamp Assembly
          • Removal & Installation
        • Side Turn Signal Lamp - Bulb
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Lamp Assembly
          • Removal & Installation
        • Lamp Assembly - Hi-Mount
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Lamps Switch - Headlamp
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Lamp Switch - Dimmer
          • Removal & Installation
        • Lamp Switch - Multi-Function
          • Removal & Installation
        • Lamp Switch - Fog
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Brake Pedal Position (BPP) Switch
          • Removal & Installation
  • Horns
    • Horn System
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Horn
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Horn
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Horn Does Not Sound
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Horn Sounds Continuously
  • Infotainment
    • Antenna System
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Antenna
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Antenna
      • Removal And Installation
        • Cable - One Piece
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Cable - Two Piece
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • Audio Unit System
      • Description & Operation
        • Audio System
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Audio System
      • Removal & Installation
        • Audio Unit
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
    • Entertainment System - General Information
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Audio System
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
            • Notes
            • Speaker Walk-Around Test - M100 AM/FM
            • Speaker Walk-Around Test - M100 AM/FM Single Compact Disk Audio Unit
            • Speaker Walk-Around Test-Tremor 2 Audio Unit, DM100i, CDX6, & M100 AM/FM Single Compact Disk Audio Unit
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Audio Unit Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test B: Poor Reception
            • Pinpoint Test C: Continuous Seek/Scan In Am/Fm
            • Pinpoint Test D: Poor Quality Sound From One Or More Speakers (Not All Speakers)
            • Pinpoint Test E: Poor Quality Sound From All Speakers
            • Pinpoint Test F: No Sound From One Or More Of The Speakers (Not All Speakers)
            • Pinpoint Test G: No Sound From All Of The Speakers
            • Pinpoint Test H: No Sound From One Or More Of The Speakers (Not All Speakers)-Tremor 2
            • Pinpoint Test I: No Sound From All Of The Speakers-Tremor 2
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Subwoofer Is Inoperative-Tremor 2
            • Pinpoint Test K: Loud Popping Sound When Cycling The Ignition Switch-Tremor 2
    • Speaker System
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Speakers
        • Speakers - Four-Door, SuperCab
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Speakers
      • Removal And Installation
        • Speaker -Door Mounted
          • Removal and Installation
  • Interior/Exterior Trim
    • Exterior Trim & Ornamentation
      • Removal And Installation
        • Radiator Grille
          • Removal and Installation
    • Interior Trim & Ornamentation
      • Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Interior Trim
        • Interior Trim - Four-Door, SuperCab
      • Removal & Installation
        • Trim Panel - Front Door, Finish Panel
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Trim Panel - Front Door
          • Removal & Installation
        • Headliner
          • Removal & Installation
        • Headliner - Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Removal & Installation
        • Trim Panel - Quarter, Regular Cab
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Trim Panel - Quarter, SuperCab Without Center-Facing Rear Seat
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Trim Panel - Quarter, SuperCab With Center-Facing Rear Seat
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Trim Panel - Quarter, Rear, Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Removal & Installation
        • Trim Panel - Rear Door
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
  • Interior/Illumination Lights
    • Interior Lighting System
      • Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Interior Lighting
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Interior Lighting
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
            • Interior Lighting
            • Courtesy Lighting
            • Illuminated Entry (option)
            • Courtesy Lighting Arbitrator
            • Battery Saver
          • Inspection & Verification
            • Notes
            • GEM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Courtesy Lamps Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Courtesy Lamps Do Not Turn On With One Door Open
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Courtesy Lamps Stay On Continuously
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Illuminated Entry Is Inoperative When Using The Remote Transmitter
            • Pinpoint Test E: The Battery Saver Does Not Deactivate After Timeout
            • Pinpoint Test F: An Individual Demand Lighting Lamp Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Dome Lamp Is Inoperative
      • Removal & Installation
        • Lamp Assembly -Map/Dome
          • Removal & Installation
  • Mirrors
    • Component Testing
      • Introduction
      • Component Testing
        • Headlamp Switch, Exterior Lamps
        • Headlamp Switch, Interior Lamps
          • Component Testing Procedure
        • Ignition Switch
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Wiper/Washer Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Lamp Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Turn Portion
        • Master Window Adjust Switch
        • Power Window Switch, Passenger Door
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror Switch
        • Door Lock Switch, Driver Side
        • Door Lock Switch, Passenger Side
        • Relay - Mini ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
        • Relay - Micro ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
    • Rear View Mirrors
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Rear View Mirrors
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Rear View Mirrors
          • Notes
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Test
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Mirrors Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test B: A Single Mirror Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test C: A Single Mirror Does Not Function With Switch Logic
          • Component Test
            • Switch -Outside Rear View Mirror Control
      • Removal And Installation
        • Mirror -Outside Rear View, Power
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Exterior Mirror Motor
        • Exterior Mirror Glass
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Switch -Outside Rear View Mirror
          • Removal
          • Installation
  • Seats
    • Seat System
      • Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Seats
      • General Procedures
        • Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) Deactivation & Reactivation
          • Notes
          • Deactivation
          • Reactivation
      • Removal & Installation
        • Front Seat
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat - Rear, Center Facing
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat - Rear, Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat Armrest - 60 Percent Bench
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Seat Backrest - 60 Percent Bench
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Seat Backrest - Bucket & 40 Percent Bench
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat Track - 60 Percent Bench
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat Track - Bucket & 40 Percent Bench
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Seat Cushion
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Disassembly & Assembly
        • Front Seat Backrest - Bucket
          • Notes
          • Disassembly & Assembly
        • Front Seat Backrest-60/40 Split Bench
          • Notes
          • Disassembly and Assembly
        • Front Seat Backrest -Center Facing Rear Seat, Back
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Front Seat Backrest -Base, Center Facing Rear
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
  • Steering Column Switches
    • Component Testing
      • Introduction
      • Component Testing
        • Headlamp Switch, Exterior Lamps
        • Headlamp Switch, Interior Lamps
          • Component Testing Procedure
        • Ignition Switch
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Wiper/Washer Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Lamp Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Turn Portion
        • Master Window Adjust Switch
        • Power Window Switch, Passenger Door
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror Switch
        • Door Lock Switch, Driver Side
        • Door Lock Switch, Passenger Side
        • Relay - Mini ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
        • Relay - Micro ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
    • Horn System
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Horn
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Horn
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Horn Does Not Sound
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Horn Sounds Continuously
    • Steering Column Switches
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering Column Switches
          • Steering Column Switches Component Location
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering Column Switches
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
          • GEM/CTM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Ignition Switch Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test B: No Power In ACC
            • Pinpoint Test C: No Power In Run
            • Pinpoint Test D: No Power In Start
      • Removal And Installation
        • Multifunction Switch
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Ignition Switch
          • Removal and Installation
        • Key Release Interlock Actuator
          • Removal and Installation
        • Key Release Button
          • Removal
          • Installation
  • Warning Systems
    • Horn System
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Horn
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Horn
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Horn Does Not Sound
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Horn Sounds Continuously
    • Warning System
      • Description & Operation
        • Warning Devices
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Warning Devices
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Safety Belt Warning Chime
            • Belt Minder
            • Door Ajar Warning Chime
            • Headlamp On Warning Chime
            • Key-in-Ignition Warning Chime
          • Inspection & Verification
          • GEM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Notes
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Safety Belt Warning Chime Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Key-In-Ignition Chime Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Door Ajar Chime Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Headlamp On Reminder Chime Does Not Operate Correctly
      • General Procedures
        • Belt Minder Deactivating/Activating
          • Preparation
          • Deactivating/Activating
      • Removal & Installation
        • Key-In-Ignition Warning Switch
          • Removal & Installation
  • Window Motors & Regulators
    • Component Testing
      • Introduction
      • Component Testing
        • Headlamp Switch, Exterior Lamps
        • Headlamp Switch, Interior Lamps
          • Component Testing Procedure
        • Ignition Switch
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Wiper/Washer Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Lamp Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Turn Portion
        • Master Window Adjust Switch
        • Power Window Switch, Passenger Door
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror Switch
        • Door Lock Switch, Driver Side
        • Door Lock Switch, Passenger Side
        • Relay - Mini ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
        • Relay - Micro ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
    • Windows And Glass
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Glass, Frames and Mechanisms
          • Notes
          • Quarter Glass
          • Back Window Glass
          • Windshield Glass
          • Front Door Glass
        • Glass, Frames and Mechanisms - Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Quarter Glass
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Glass, Frames and Mechanisms
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
            • Power Window Operation
              • Notes
              • Power Window Control
              • Window Safety Relay
              • One Touch Down Relay
              • Generic Electronic Module
          • Inspection and Verification
          • GEM/CTM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • GEM/CTM Parameter Identification (PID) Index
          • GEM/CTM Active Command Index
          • GEM/CTM Wiggle Test Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Notes
            • Pinpoint Test A: All Power Windows Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test B: Single Power Window Is Inoperative -Driver Power Window
            • Pinpoint Test C: Single Power Window Is Inoperative - Passenger Power Window
            • Pinpoint Test D: The One Touch Down Feature Is Inoperative
          • Component Tests
            • Relay - Mini ISO
            • Relay - Micro ISO
      • Removal And Installation
        • Switch - Window Regulator Control
          • Removal and Installation
        • Window Glass - Front Door
          • Notes
          • Removal and Installation
        • Window Glass - Fixed Quarter
          • Removal and Installation
        • Window Glass - Fixed Quarter, Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Removal and Installation
        • Window Glass - Moveable Quarter
          • Notes
          • Removal and Installation
        • Window Glass - Back
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Motor and Window Regulator
          • Notes
          • Removal and Installation
        • Windshield Glass
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Door Glass Run Retainer - Center
          • Notes
          • Removal and Installation
        • Door Glass Top Run
          • Removal and Installation
  • Wiper/Washer Systems
    • Component Testing
      • Introduction
      • Component Testing
        • Headlamp Switch, Exterior Lamps
        • Headlamp Switch, Interior Lamps
          • Component Testing Procedure
        • Ignition Switch
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Wiper/Washer Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Lamp Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Turn Portion
        • Master Window Adjust Switch
        • Power Window Switch, Passenger Door
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror Switch
        • Door Lock Switch, Driver Side
        • Door Lock Switch, Passenger Side
        • Relay - Mini ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
        • Relay - Micro ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
    • Wiper System & Washer System
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Wipers and Washers
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Wipers and Washers
          • Notes
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • GEM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Notes
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Wipers Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Wipers Stay On Continuously
            • Pinpoint Test C: The High/Low Wiper Speeds Do Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Intermittent Wiper Speed Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test E: The Washer Pump Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Speed Dependent Interval Mode Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Low Wiper Speed Does Not Operate Correctly
          • Component Test
            • Windshield Wiper Motor
      • Removal And Installation
        • Pivot Arm
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Mounting Arm and Pivot Shaft
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Motor -Windshield Wiper
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Washer Pump and Reservoir
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
• Body & Frame
  • Door Locks
    • Anti Theft System
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Anti-Theft - Passive Anti-Theft System (PATS)
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Anti-Theft-Passive Anti-Theft System (PATS)
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Powertrain Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Antenna Detected
            • Pinpoint Test B: Pats Ignition Key Transponder Signal Is Not Received
            • Pinpoint Test C: Pats Received Incorrect Key-Code From Ignition Key Transponder
            • Pinpoint Test D: Pats Received Invalid Format Of Key-Code From Ignition Key Transponder
            • Pinpoint Test E: Pats Transceiver Module Signal Is Not Received
            • Pinpoint Test F: Anti-Theft Number Of Programmed Keys Is Below Minimum
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Anti-Theft Indicator Is Always/Never On
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Vehicle Does Not Start
      • General Procedures
        • Key Programming Using Two Programmed Keys
        • Key Programming Using Diagnostic Equipment
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Key Programming Using Diagnostic Equipment
        • Key Programming Switch State Control
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Key Programming Switch State Control
          • Unlimited Key Mode Programming
            • Enabling Unlimited Key Mode
            • Disabling Unlimited Key Mode
        • Spare Key Programming
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Spare Key Programming
        • Anti-Theft Security Access
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Anti-Theft Security Access
      • Removal & Installation
        • Passive Anti-Theft System (PATS) Transceiver
          • Removal & Installation
    • Component Testing
      • Introduction
      • Component Testing
        • Headlamp Switch, Exterior Lamps
        • Headlamp Switch, Interior Lamps
          • Component Testing Procedure
        • Ignition Switch
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Wiper/Washer Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Lamp Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Turn Portion
        • Master Window Adjust Switch
        • Power Window Switch, Passenger Door
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror Switch
        • Door Lock Switch, Driver Side
        • Door Lock Switch, Passenger Side
        • Relay - Mini ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
        • Relay - Micro ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
    • Handles, Locks, Latches & Entry Systems
      • Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Handles, Locks, Latches & Entry Systems
          • Notes
          • Keyless Entry
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Locks, Latches & Entry Systems - Module Controlled
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
            • Power Door Locks
            • Keyless Entry
          • Inspection & Verification
            • Notes
            • Central security module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Test
            • Pinpoint Test A: All Door Locks Are Inoperative From One Switch
            • Pinpoint Test B: All Door Locks Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test C: A Single Door Lock Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Doors Do Not Lock/Unlock Using The Remote Transmitter
            • Pinpoint Test E: Remote Keyless Entry Transmitter Out Of Synchronization
            • Pinpoint Test F: Panic Feature Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate Correctly
      • General Procedures
        • Latch Adjustment - Hood
        • Remote Transmitter Programming
      • Removal & Installation
        • Hood Latch
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Door Latch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Door Latch - Upper
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Rear Door Latch - Lower
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Tailgate Latch
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Hood Latch Release Handle
          • Removal & Installation
        • Exterior Front Door Handle
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Exterior Rear Door Handle
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Interior Door Handle
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Tailgate Release Handle
          • Removal & Installation
        • Ignition Lock Cylinder - Functional
          • Removal & Installation
        • Ignition Lock Cylinder - Non Functional
          • Removal & Installation
        • Door Lock Cylinder
          • Removal & Installation
        • Tailgate Latch Remote Control
          • Removal
        • Door Ajar Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Door Ajar Switch - Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Removal & Installation
    • Passive Anti-Theft System Job Aid
      • Passive Anti-Theft System (Pats) Specifications
        • Ford System (Pats) Specifications
        • LINCOLN System (Pats) Specifications
        • Mercury System (Pats) Specifications
      • Pats Key Types
      • Diagnostic Trouble Codes
      • Non-Pats Issues
      • Things To Do:
      • Things Not To Do:
      • Programming Procedures
        • Notes
        • Key Programming Using Diagnostic Tools
          • Procedure #1
          • Procedure #2
          • Procedure #3
        • Spare Key Programming Using Diagnostic Tools
          • Procedure #4
        • Spare Key Programming Using Programmed Keys
          • Procedure #5
          • Procedure #6
        • Replacing Pats Control Module Or Pcm
          • Procedure #7
          • Procedure #8
    • Remote Keyless Entry System [Transmitter Programming Procedures]
      • Programming Methods & Transmitter Types
        • Programming Method And Transmitter Type Application
        • Transmitter Type Identification
        • Programming Methods
          • Programming Method A
          • Programming Method D
          • Programming Method I
          • Programming Method K
          • Programming Method L
          • Programming Method M
          • Programming Method N
          • Programming Method O
      • Helpful Hints
        • Remote Entry Programming Procedure
        • Poor Operating Range Performance
        • Miscellaneous
  • Exterior Body Panels
    • Body Panel System - Body Closures
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Body Closures
        • Body Closures - Four-Door, SuperCab
      • General Procedures
        • Hinge Adjustment
        • Hinge Adjustment - Four-Door, SuperCab
        • Striker Adjustment - Four-Door, SuperCab
    • Body Panel System - Front End Body Panels
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Front End Body Panels
      • General Procedures
        • Hood Alignment
      • Removal And Installation
        • Fender
          • Removal and Installation
        • Radiator Grille Opening Panel
          • Removal and Installation
        • Radiator Grille Opening Panel Reinforcement
          • Removal and Installation
    • Body Systems General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Body
        • Insulation
        • Body Sealer Types And Applications
          • HB Fuller E709
          • 3M Strip Caulk Black 051135-0857B
          • Weatherstrip Adhesive
          • Silicone Lubricant
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Body System
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Leaks
            • Noise
          • Symptom Chart
  • Exterior/Interior Trim
    • Exterior Trim & Ornamentation
      • Removal And Installation
        • Radiator Grille
          • Removal and Installation
    • Interior Trim & Ornamentation
      • Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Interior Trim
        • Interior Trim - Four-Door, SuperCab
      • Removal & Installation
        • Trim Panel - Front Door, Finish Panel
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Trim Panel - Front Door
          • Removal & Installation
        • Headliner
          • Removal & Installation
        • Headliner - Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Removal & Installation
        • Trim Panel - Quarter, Regular Cab
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Trim Panel - Quarter, SuperCab Without Center-Facing Rear Seat
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Trim Panel - Quarter, SuperCab With Center-Facing Rear Seat
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Trim Panel - Quarter, Rear, Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Removal & Installation
        • Trim Panel - Rear Door
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
  • Frames, Subframes & Crossmembers
    • Body System - Full Frame And Body Mounting -- Ranger
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Frame and Body Mounting
          • Frame, 4X4 Short Wheel Base Shown
          • Body to Frame Mounting
          • Rear Cab to Frame Mount, SuperCab
          • Rear Cab to Frame Mount, Regular Cab
        • Frame Maintenance - Rivet Removal
        • Frame Maintenance - Rivet Replacement
        • Frame Maintenance - Drilling Precautions
        • Frame Maintenance - Welding Precautions
        • Frame Maintenance - Frame Straightening
        • Frame Maintenance - Frame Reinforcing
        • Body Misalignment Check
        • Underbody Misalignment Check
          • Frame Dimensions, Short Wheel Base 4X4
          • Frame Dimensions, Long Wheel Base, 4X4
          • Frame Dimensions, SuperCab, 4X4
          • Frame Dimensions, Short Wheel Base, 4X2
          • Frame Dimensions, Long Wheel Base, 4X2
          • Frame Dimensions, SuperCab, 4X2
          • Frame, Short Wheel Base, 4X2 Shown
          • Frame, Long Wheel Base, 4X2 Shown
          • Frame, SuperCab, 4X2 Shown
          • Frame, Short Wheel Base, 4X4 Shown
          • Frame, Long Wheel Base, 4X4 Shown
          • Frame, SuperCab, 4X4 Shown
      • Removal And Installation
        • Support - Body
          • Removal and Installation
        • Support - Box
          • Removal and Installation
    • Full Frame & Body Mounting
      • Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Frame & Body Mounting
      • General Procedures
        • Frame Maintenance - Rivet Removal
        • Frame Maintenance - Rivet Replacement
        • Frame Maintenance - Drilling Precautions
        • Frame Maintenance - Welding Precautions
        • Frame Maintenance - Frame Straightening
        • Frame Maintenance - Frame Reinforcing
        • Body Misalignment Check
        • Underbody Misalignment Check
      • Removal & Installation
        • Support - Body
        • Support - Box
  • Mirrors
    • Component Testing
      • Introduction
      • Component Testing
        • Headlamp Switch, Exterior Lamps
        • Headlamp Switch, Interior Lamps
          • Component Testing Procedure
        • Ignition Switch
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Wiper/Washer Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Lamp Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Turn Portion
        • Master Window Adjust Switch
        • Power Window Switch, Passenger Door
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror Switch
        • Door Lock Switch, Driver Side
        • Door Lock Switch, Passenger Side
        • Relay - Mini ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
        • Relay - Micro ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
    • Rear View Mirrors
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Rear View Mirrors
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Rear View Mirrors
          • Notes
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Test
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Mirrors Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test B: A Single Mirror Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test C: A Single Mirror Does Not Function With Switch Logic
          • Component Test
            • Switch -Outside Rear View Mirror Control
      • Removal And Installation
        • Mirror -Outside Rear View, Power
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Exterior Mirror Motor
        • Exterior Mirror Glass
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Switch -Outside Rear View Mirror
          • Removal
          • Installation
  • Seats
    • Seat System
      • Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Seats
      • General Procedures
        • Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) Deactivation & Reactivation
          • Notes
          • Deactivation
          • Reactivation
      • Removal & Installation
        • Front Seat
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat - Rear, Center Facing
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat - Rear, Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat Armrest - 60 Percent Bench
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Seat Backrest - 60 Percent Bench
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Seat Backrest - Bucket & 40 Percent Bench
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat Track - 60 Percent Bench
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat Track - Bucket & 40 Percent Bench
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Seat Cushion
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Disassembly & Assembly
        • Front Seat Backrest - Bucket
          • Notes
          • Disassembly & Assembly
        • Front Seat Backrest-60/40 Split Bench
          • Notes
          • Disassembly and Assembly
        • Front Seat Backrest -Center Facing Rear Seat, Back
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Front Seat Backrest -Base, Center Facing Rear
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
  • Windows
    • Component Testing
      • Introduction
      • Component Testing
        • Headlamp Switch, Exterior Lamps
        • Headlamp Switch, Interior Lamps
          • Component Testing Procedure
        • Ignition Switch
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Wiper/Washer Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Lamp Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Turn Portion
        • Master Window Adjust Switch
        • Power Window Switch, Passenger Door
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror Switch
        • Door Lock Switch, Driver Side
        • Door Lock Switch, Passenger Side
        • Relay - Mini ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
        • Relay - Micro ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
    • Windows And Glass
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Glass, Frames and Mechanisms
          • Notes
          • Quarter Glass
          • Back Window Glass
          • Windshield Glass
          • Front Door Glass
        • Glass, Frames and Mechanisms - Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Quarter Glass
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Glass, Frames and Mechanisms
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
            • Power Window Operation
              • Notes
              • Power Window Control
              • Window Safety Relay
              • One Touch Down Relay
              • Generic Electronic Module
          • Inspection and Verification
          • GEM/CTM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • GEM/CTM Parameter Identification (PID) Index
          • GEM/CTM Active Command Index
          • GEM/CTM Wiggle Test Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Notes
            • Pinpoint Test A: All Power Windows Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test B: Single Power Window Is Inoperative -Driver Power Window
            • Pinpoint Test C: Single Power Window Is Inoperative - Passenger Power Window
            • Pinpoint Test D: The One Touch Down Feature Is Inoperative
          • Component Tests
            • Relay - Mini ISO
            • Relay - Micro ISO
      • Removal And Installation
        • Switch - Window Regulator Control
          • Removal and Installation
        • Window Glass - Front Door
          • Notes
          • Removal and Installation
        • Window Glass - Fixed Quarter
          • Removal and Installation
        • Window Glass - Fixed Quarter, Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Removal and Installation
        • Window Glass - Moveable Quarter
          • Notes
          • Removal and Installation
        • Window Glass - Back
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Motor and Window Regulator
          • Notes
          • Removal and Installation
        • Windshield Glass
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Door Glass Run Retainer - Center
          • Notes
          • Removal and Installation
        • Door Glass Top Run
          • Removal and Installation
• Brakes
  • Anti-Lock Brakes
    • Anti-Lock Brake System
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Anti-Lock Control - (4WABS)
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Anti-Lock Control
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Notes
            • Hydraulic Control Unit
            • Anti-Lock Brake Control Module
            • Anti-Lock Brake Sensor
          • Inspection & Verification
            • Notes
            • Warning Lamp Indicators
            • Electronic Brake Distribution (EBD)
            • Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
            • Anti-Lock Brake Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • Anti-Lock Brake Control Module Parameter Identification (PID) Index
            • Anti-Lock Brake Control Module Active Command Index
          • Symptom Chart
            • Notes
            • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Module - Anti-Lock Brake Control Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: DTC B1676 - Battery Voltage Out Of Range
            • Pinpoint Test C: DTC C1145, C1155, C1230 - Anti-Lock Brake Sensor Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test D: DTC C1233, C1234, C1237 - Anti-Lock Brake Sensor Output Failure
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC C1095 - Hydraulic Pump Motor Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Yellow Abs Warning Indicator Does Not Self-Check
            • Pinpoint Test G: DTC C1939 - Brake Pressure Switch (Bps) Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test H: Yellow Abs Light Always On, No DTCS
      • Removal & Installation
        • Hydraulic Control Unit
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Module
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Sensor - Front 4x2
          • Material
            • Notes
            • Removal & Installation
        • Sensor - Front 4x4
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Sensor - Rear
          • Material
            • Notes
            • Removal & Installation
        • Sensor Indicator - Front 4x2
          • Removal and Installation
        • Sensor Indicator - Front 4x4
          • Removal and Installation
        • Sensor Indicator - Rear
          • Removal and Installation
    • Brake System - General Information
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Brake System
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Brake System
          • Notes
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Preliminary Checks
            • Brake Booster
            • Road Test
          • Vibration When Brakes are Applied
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Brakes Pull Or Drift
            • Pinpoint Test B: Red Brake Warning Indicator Always On
            • Pinpoint Test C: Brakes Lock Up During Light Brake Pedal Force
            • Pinpoint Test D: Excessive/Erratic Brake Pedal Travel
          • Component Tests
            • Brake Booster
            • Check Valve
            • Brake Master Cylinder
              • Normal Conditions
              • Abnormal Conditions
              • Bypass Condition Test
              • Compensator Port Check
      • General Procedures
        • Bleeding-Components
          • Special Tool(s)
            • Notes
            • Master Cylinder Priming - In-Vehicle or Bench
            • Four Wheel Anti-Lock Brake System (4WABS) Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU)
            • Caliper
        • Bleeding - System
          • Manual
          • Pressure
        • Hydraulic Leak Check
  • Mechanical - Hydraulic
    • Brake System - General Information
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Brake System
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Brake System
          • Notes
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Preliminary Checks
            • Brake Booster
            • Road Test
          • Vibration When Brakes are Applied
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Brakes Pull Or Drift
            • Pinpoint Test B: Red Brake Warning Indicator Always On
            • Pinpoint Test C: Brakes Lock Up During Light Brake Pedal Force
            • Pinpoint Test D: Excessive/Erratic Brake Pedal Travel
          • Component Tests
            • Brake Booster
            • Check Valve
            • Brake Master Cylinder
              • Normal Conditions
              • Abnormal Conditions
              • Bypass Condition Test
              • Compensator Port Check
      • General Procedures
        • Bleeding-Components
          • Special Tool(s)
            • Notes
            • Master Cylinder Priming - In-Vehicle or Bench
            • Four Wheel Anti-Lock Brake System (4WABS) Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU)
            • Caliper
        • Bleeding - System
          • Manual
          • Pressure
        • Hydraulic Leak Check
    • Disc Brakes & Drum Brakes
      • Description & Operation
        • Notes
        • Brake System
          • Notes
          • Drum Brake
          • Front Disc Brake
          • Parking Brake
          • Hydraulic Brake Actuation
          • Brake Tubes & Hoses
        • System Components
          • Brake Booster
          • Check Valve
          • Deactivator Switch
          • Master Cylinder
      • Bleeding Brake System
        • Notes
        • Manual Bleeding
          • Notes
          • Caliper
          • Master Cylinder Bleeding (Bench)
          • Master Cylinder Bleeding (On-Vehicle)
          • 4-Wheel Anti-Lock Brake Hydraulic Control Unit
          • Gravity Bleeding
          • System Bleeding
        • Pressure Bleeding
        • Bleeding Sequence
      • Adjustments
        • Parking Brake
        • Brake Shoes
          • Drums Removed
          • Drums Installed
        • Disc Pads
      • Component Tests
        • Brake Warning Light
        • Master Cylinder
          • Bypass Condition Test
          • Compensator Port Check
        • Vacuum Power Booster
        • Vacuum Booster Check Valve
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Brake Backing Plate
          • Removal & Installation
        • Brake Drum
          • Removal & Installation
        • Brake Pedal & Bracket
          • Removal & Installation (A/T)
          • Removal & Installation (M/T)
        • Brake Shoes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Caliper Anchor Plate
          • Removal & Installation
        • Calipers & Pads
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Inspection
          • Installation
        • Disc Shield
          • Removal & Installation
        • Front Brake Disc
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Inspection
          • Installation
        • Master Cylinder
          • Removal & Installation
        • Parking Brake
          • Removal & Installation (Control)
          • Removal & Installation (Front Cable & Conduit)
          • Removal & Installation (Rear Parking Brake Cable)
        • Vacuum Power Booster
          • Removal & Installation
        • Wheel Cylinders
          • Removal & Installation
      • Overhaul
        • Notes
        • Disc Brake Caliper
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly
        • Master Cylinder
          • Notes
          • Disassembly
          • Reassembly
        • Wheel Cylinders
          • Notes
          • Disassembly
          • Reassembly
      • Torque Specifications
      • Disc & Drum Brake Specifications
  • Traction Control
    • Anti-Lock Brake System
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Anti-Lock Control - (4WABS)
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Anti-Lock Control
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Notes
            • Hydraulic Control Unit
            • Anti-Lock Brake Control Module
            • Anti-Lock Brake Sensor
          • Inspection & Verification
            • Notes
            • Warning Lamp Indicators
            • Electronic Brake Distribution (EBD)
            • Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
            • Anti-Lock Brake Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • Anti-Lock Brake Control Module Parameter Identification (PID) Index
            • Anti-Lock Brake Control Module Active Command Index
          • Symptom Chart
            • Notes
            • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Module - Anti-Lock Brake Control Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: DTC B1676 - Battery Voltage Out Of Range
            • Pinpoint Test C: DTC C1145, C1155, C1230 - Anti-Lock Brake Sensor Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test D: DTC C1233, C1234, C1237 - Anti-Lock Brake Sensor Output Failure
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC C1095 - Hydraulic Pump Motor Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Yellow Abs Warning Indicator Does Not Self-Check
            • Pinpoint Test G: DTC C1939 - Brake Pressure Switch (Bps) Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test H: Yellow Abs Light Always On, No DTCS
      • Removal & Installation
        • Hydraulic Control Unit
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Module
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Sensor - Front 4x2
          • Material
            • Notes
            • Removal & Installation
        • Sensor - Front 4x4
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Sensor - Rear
          • Material
            • Notes
            • Removal & Installation
        • Sensor Indicator - Front 4x2
          • Removal and Installation
        • Sensor Indicator - Front 4x4
          • Removal and Installation
        • Sensor Indicator - Rear
          • Removal and Installation
    • Brake System - General Information
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Brake System
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Brake System
          • Notes
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Preliminary Checks
            • Brake Booster
            • Road Test
          • Vibration When Brakes are Applied
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Brakes Pull Or Drift
            • Pinpoint Test B: Red Brake Warning Indicator Always On
            • Pinpoint Test C: Brakes Lock Up During Light Brake Pedal Force
            • Pinpoint Test D: Excessive/Erratic Brake Pedal Travel
          • Component Tests
            • Brake Booster
            • Check Valve
            • Brake Master Cylinder
              • Normal Conditions
              • Abnormal Conditions
              • Bypass Condition Test
              • Compensator Port Check
      • General Procedures
        • Bleeding-Components
          • Special Tool(s)
            • Notes
            • Master Cylinder Priming - In-Vehicle or Bench
            • Four Wheel Anti-Lock Brake System (4WABS) Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU)
            • Caliper
        • Bleeding - System
          • Manual
          • Pressure
        • Hydraulic Leak Check
• Drivelines & Axles
  • Differentials & Drive Axles
    • Driveline System - General Information
      • Specifications
        • 4x2, Rear Driveline Angles @ Curb Specifications
        • 4x4, Rear Driveline Angles @ Curb Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Driveline System
          • Notes
          • Vehicle Certification (VC) Label Example
          • Front Axle Identification Tag
          • Rear Axle Identification Tag
          • Axle Identification Tag Denoting Interchangeability Affected Internally
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Driveline System
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Noise Acceptability
          • Universal Joint (U-Joint) Inspection
          • Inspection For Bent Rear Axle Housing
          • Analysis of Leakage
          • Axle Vent
          • Flange Yoke Seal
          • Axle Shaft Seals
          • Differential Seals
          • Analysis of Vibration
          • Tires
          • Driveline Angle
          • Universal Joint (U-Joint) Wear
          • Wheel Hub or Axle Flange Bolt Circle Runout
          • Pilot Runout
          • Wheel Hub or Axle Flange Face Runout
          • Drive Pinion Stem and Pinion Flange
          • Coupling Shaft Center Bearing Alignment
          • Bearing Shimming
          • Halfshafts, Front Wheel
          • Axle Noise
          • Gear Howl and Whine
          • Bearing Whine
          • Chuckle
          • Knock
          • Clunk
          • Total Backlash Check
          • Axle Shaft Bearing Noise
          • Bearing Rumble
        • Symptom Chart
          • Symptom Chart
        • Component Tests
          • Driveline Vibration
          • Driveshaft Vibrates
          • Traction-Lok® Differential Operation Check
          • Traction-Lok® Differential Check Road Test
          • Pinion Flange Runout Check -Circular
          • Tooth Contact Pattern Check -Gearset
          • Contact Pattern Location
      • General Procedures
        • Driveline Angle Inspection
          • Special Tool(s)
        • Axle Housing Casting Porosity (Holes in Casting) Repair
        • Axle Housing Weld Leaks Repair
    • Front Drive Axle/Differential - DANA 35
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Front Drive Axle and Differential
          • AWD Dana 35 Exploded View
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Front Drive Axle
      • General Procedures
        • Axle and Differential Drain and Refill
          • Special Tool(s)
      • In-Vehicle Repair
        • Axle Tube Bearing
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Drive Pinion Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Removal And Installation
        • Axle Assembly - Front
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Bushing
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Disassembly And Assembly
        • Axle
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Differential Case
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
    • Rear Drive Axle/Differential - Ford 7.5-Inch Ring Gear
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Rear Drive Axle and Differential
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Rear Drive Axle and Differential
      • In-Vehicle Repair
        • Axle Shaft
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Rear Wheel Bearing and Axle Shaft Oil Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Drive Pinion Flange
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Drive Pinion Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Housing Cover
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Drive Pinion
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Case
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
            • All vehicles
      • Removal And Installation
        • Axle Housing
          • Removal
      • Disassembly And Assembly
        • Differential Case and Ring Gear - Conventional
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Differential Case and Ring Gear - Traction-Lok®
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
    • Rear Drive Axle/Differential - Ford 8.8-Inch Ring Gear
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Rear Drive Axle and Differential
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Rear Drive Axle and Differential
      • In-Vehicle Repair
        • Axle Shaft
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Rear Wheel Bearing and Axle Shaft Oil Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Drive Pinion Flange
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Drive Pinion Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Housing Cover
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Drive Pinion
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Case
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
            • All axles
      • Removal And Installation
        • Axle Housing
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
      • Disassembly And Assembly
        • Differential Case and Ring Gear - Conventional
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Differential Case and Ring Gear - Traction-Lok
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
    • Rear Drive Axle/Differential - Ford 8.8-Inch Ring Gear High Torque
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Rear Drive Axle and Differential
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Rear Drive Axle and Differential
      • In-Vehicle Repair
        • Axle Shaft
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Rear Wheel Bearing and Axle Shaft Oil Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Drive Pinion Flange and Drive Pinion Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Housing Cover
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Drive Pinion
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Case
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
            • Removal
      • Removal And Installation
        • Axle Housing
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
      • Disassembly And Assembly
        • Differential Case and Ring Gear
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Disassembly
  • Driveshaft & Universal Joints
    • Specifications
      • General Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
    • Description And Operation
      • Driveshaft
        • Driveshaft - Rear, 4x2
        • Driveshaft - Rear, 4x4
        • Driveshaft - Front
      • Universal Joints
    • Diagnosis And Testing
      • Driveshaft
    • Removal And Installation
      • Driveshaft - Front, 4x4
        • Removal and Installation
      • Driveshaft - Rear, 4x2
        • Removal and Installation
      • Driveshaft - Rear, 4x4
        • Removal and Installation
    • Disassembly And Assembly
      • Driveshaft Universal Joint - Single Cardan, Slip Yoke
        • Special Tool(s)
        • Disassembly
          • Initial disassembly
        • Assembly
          • Bearing cup installation
      • Driveshaft Universal Joint - Single Cardan, Flange Yoke
        • Special Tool(s)
        • Disassembly
          • Initial disassembly
        • Assembly
          • Bearing cup installation
      • Driveshaft Slip Yoke
        • Special Tool(s)
        • Disassembly
        • Assembly
• Electrical
  • Body Electrical
    • OEM Connector End Views
      • Connector End Views
        • A/C Clutch Solenoid Connector End View (C100)
        • Crankshaft Position Sensor Connector End View (C101)
        • Generator Connector End View (C102a)
        • Generator Connector End View (C102b)
        • Generator Connector End View (C102c)
        • Oil Pressure Switch Connector End View (C103)
        • Cylinder-Head Temperature Sensor Connector End View (C107)
        • Knock Sensor Connector End View (C108)
        • Knock Sensor Connector End View (C109)
        • Inline Connector End View (C110)
        • Speed Control Servo Connector End View (C122)
        • Brake Fluid Level Switch Connector End View (C124)
        • Windshield Wiper Motor Connector End View (C125)
        • Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensor Connector End View (C128)
        • Horn Connector End View (C131)
        • ABS Control Module Connector End View (C135)
        • Windshield Washer Pump Motor Connector End View (C137)
        • Inline Connector End View (C139)
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #12 Connector End View (C142)
        • Inline Connector End View (C144)
        • Inline Connector End View (C146)
        • Wheel Speed Sensor, Left Front Connector End View (C150)
        • Fog Lamp, Left Front Connector End View (C152)
        • Wheel Speed Sensor, Right Front Connector End View (C160)
        • Fog Lamp, Right Front Connector End View (C162)
        • Intermediate Shaft Speed (ISS) Sensor Connector End View (C164)
        • Digital Transmission Range (DTR) Sensor Connector End View (C167)
        • 5R44E Transmission Connector End View (C168)
        • Reversing Lamps Switch Connector End View (C169)
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #11 Connector End View (C171)
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #21 Connector End View (C172)
        • Ignition Transformer Capacitor 1 Connector End View (C174)
        • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Connector End View (C175) (1 Of 3)
        • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Connector End View (C175) (2 Of 3)
        • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Connector End View (C175) (3 Of 3)
        • Camshaft Position Sensor Connector End View (C180)
        • Fuel Injector 1 Connector End View (C181)
        • Fuel Injector 2 Connector End View (C182)
        • Fuel Injector 3 Connector End View (C183)
        • Fuel Injector 4 Connector End View (C184)
        • Fuel Injector 5 Connector End View (C185)
        • Fuel Injector 6 Connector End View (C186)
        • Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) Connector End View (C189)
        • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) Sensor Connector End View (C193)
        • Starter Motor Connector End View (C197a)
        • Starter Motor Connector End View (C197b)
        • 5R55E Transmission Connector End View (C199)
        • Multifunction Switch Connector End View (C202a)
        • Multifunction Switch Connector End View (C202b)
        • Main Light Switch Connector End View (C205)
        • Instrument Panel Dimming Module Connector End View (C206)
        • Inline Connector End View (C210)
        • Inline Connector End View (C211)
        • Inline Connector End View (C212)
        • Inline Connector End View (C213)
        • Inline Connector End View (C214)
        • Inline Connector End View (C215)
        • Air Bag Sliding Contact Connector End View (C218a)
        • Air Bag Sliding Contact Connector End View (C218b)
        • Inline Connector End View (C219)
        • Instrument Cluster Connector End View (C220a)
        • Instrument Cluster Connector End View (C220b)
        • Instrument Cluster Connector End View (C220c)
        • Fog Lamp Switch Connector End View (C240)
        • Ignition Switch Connector End View (C250)
        • Data Link Connector (DLC) Connector End View (C251)
        • Glove Box Lamp Connector End View (C254)
        • Passenger Air Bag Module Connector End View (C256)
        • Clutch Pedal Position Switch Connector End View (C257)
        • Central Security Module Connector End View (C274a)
        • Central Security Module Connector End View (C274b)
        • Brake Pedal Position Switch Connector End View (C278)
        • Transmission Control Switch Connector End View (C279)
        • Four-Wheel Drive Control Module Connector End View (C281a)
        • Four-Wheel Drive Control Module Connector End View (C281b)
        • Inertia Fuel Shutoff (IFS) Switch Connector End View (C282)
        • Four-Wheel Drive Switch Connector End View (C284)
        • Blend Door Actuator Connector End View (C289)
        • Audio Unit Connector End View (C290a)
        • Audio Unit Connector End View (C290b)
        • Audio Unit Connector End View (C290c)
        • Function Selector Switch Assembly, Front Connector End View (C294a)
        • Function Selector Switch Assembly, Front Connector End View (C294b)
        • Function Selector Switch Assembly, Front Connector End View (C294c)
        • Function Selector Switch Assembly, Front Connector End View (C294d)
        • Inline Connector End View (C300)
        • Passenger Safety Belt Retractor Pretensioner Connector End View (C303)
        • Inline Connector End View (C340)
        • Gearmotor Encoder Assembly Connector End View (C350)
        • Park/Stop/Turn Lamp, Left Rear Connector End View (C412)
        • Park/Stop/Turn Lamp, Right Rear Connector End View (C415)
        • Inline Connector End View (C421)
        • Fuel Tank Pressure Transducer Sensor Connector End View (C435)
        • Trailer Tow Connector End View (C439)
        • Evaporative Emission (EVAP) Canister Vent Valve Connector End View (C450)
        • Reversing Lamp, Left Connector End View (C451)
        • License Plate Lamp, Left Connector End View (C454)
        • Rear Axle Speed Sensor Connector End View (C455)
        • Reversing Lamp, Right Connector End View (C461)
        • License Plate Lamp, Right Connector End View (C464)
        • Master Window Adjust Switch Connector End View (C504)
        • Door Lock Switch, Driver Side Connector End View (C505)
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror, Left Connector End View (C522)
        • Speaker, Left Front Connector End View (C523)
        • Power Window Motor, Driver Side Front Connector End View (C524)
        • Door Lock Actuator, Left Front Connector End View (C525)
        • Door Ajar Switch, Left Front Connector End View (C526)
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror Switch Connector End View (C527)
        • Door Ajar Switch, Right Front Connector End View (C602)
        • Door Lock Actuator, Right Front Connector End View (C603)
        • Window Adjust Switch, Passenger Side Connector End View (C604)
        • Door Lock Switch, Passenger Side Connector End View (C605)
        • Power Window Motor, Passenger Side Front Connector End View (C608)
        • Speaker, Right Front Connector End View (C612)
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror, Right Connector End View (C622)
        • Speaker, Left Rear Connector End View (C702)
        • Inline Connector End View (C710)
        • Door Ajar Switch, Driver Side Rear Connector End View (C715)
        • Speaker, Right Rear Connector End View (C802)
        • Inline Connector End View (C810)
        • Door Ajar Switch, Passenger Side Rear Connector End View (C820)
        • Cargo Lamp Assembly Connector End View (C927)
        • Interior/Map Lamps Assembly, Front Connector End View (C931a)
        • Interior/Map Lamps Assembly, Front Connector End View (C931b)
        • Wiper High/Low Relay Connector End View (C1001)
        • Wiper Run/Park Relay Connector End View (C1002)
        • Windshield Washer Relay Connector End View (C1004)
        • Fog Lamp Relay Connector End View (C1007)
        • A/C Clutch Relay Connector End View (C1008)
        • Blower Motor Relay Connector End View (C1011)
        • PCM Power Relay Connector End View (C1016)
        • Starter Relay Connector End View (C1017)
        • PCM Power Diode Connector End View (C1018)
        • Headlamp, Left Connector End View (C1021)
        • Park/Turn Lamp, Left Front Connector End View (C1023)
        • Deactivator Switch Connector End View (C1025)
        • EVAP Canister Purge Valve Connector End View (C1029)
        • Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) Module Connector End View (C1030)
        • Heater Blower Motor Connector End View (C1031)
        • Heater Blower Motor Resistor, Front Connector End View (C1032)
        • Battery Junction Box (BJB) Connector End View (C1035)
        • Fog Lamp Isolation Relay Connector End View (C1038)
        • Headlamp, Right Connector End View (C1041)
        • Park/Turn Lamp, Right Front Connector End View (C1043)
        • Engine Cooling Fan Motor Connector End View (C1048)
        • Fuel Pump Relay Connector End View (C1051)
        • Engine Cooling Fan Relay Connector End View (C1055)
        • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) Sender Connector End View (C1061)
        • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) Sender Connector End View (C1064)
        • Ignition Coil Connector End View (C1065)
        • Idle Air Control (IAC) Valve Connector End View (C1066)
        • A/C High Pressure Switch Connector End View (C1078)
        • A/C Compressor Cycling Switch Connector End View (C1081)
        • Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Connector End View (C1087)
        • Battery Connector End View (C1100a)
        • Battery Connector End View (C1100b)
        • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) Sensor Connector End View (C1107)
        • Crankshaft Position Sensor Connector End View (C1120)
        • Power Steering Pressure Switch Connector End View (C1121)
        • Side Lamp, Right Front Connector End View (C1126)
        • Side Lamp, Left Front Connector End View (C1127)
        • Ignition Coil Connector End View (C1134)
        • Ignition Coil Connector End View (C1136)
        • EGR Stepper Motor Connector End View (C1160)
        • Swirl Control Monitor Connector End View (C1161)
        • Electronic Thermostat Connector End View (C1162)
        • Swirl Control Solenoid Valve Connector End View (C1163)
        • Camshaft Position Sensor Connector End View (C1180)
        • Fuel Injector 1 Connector End View (C1181)
        • Fuel Injector 2 Connector End View (C1182)
        • Fuel Injector 3 Connector End View (C1183)
        • Fuel Injector 4 Connector End View (C1184)
        • Fuel Injector 5 Connector End View (C1185)
        • Fuel Injector 6 Connector End View (C1186)
        • Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) Connector End View (C1189)
        • Trailer Tow Relay Connector End View (C1194)
        • Brake Shift Interlock Connector End View (C2008)
        • Parking Brake Switch Connector End View (C2015)
        • Interior Lamp Relay Connector End View (C2022)
        • Cigar Lighter, Front Connector End View (C2031a)
        • Cigar Lighter, Front Connector End View (C2031b)
        • Power Point Connector End View (C2033)
        • Restraints Control Module Connector End View (C2041)
        • Indicator Flasher Relay Connector End View (C2047)
        • Battery Saver Relay Connector End View (C2048)
        • One-Touch Window Relay Connector End View (C2051)
        • Window Safety Relay Connector End View (C2058)
        • Horn Relay Connector End View (C2077)
        • Passive Anti-Theft Transceiver Connector End View (C2097)
        • Passenger Air Bag Deactivation (PAD) Switch Connector End View (C2099)
        • Generic Electronic Module (GEM) Connector End View (C2100a)
        • Generic Electronic Module (GEM) Connector End View (C2100b)
        • Inline Connector End View (C2104)
        • Driver Safety Belt Retractor Pretensioner Connector End View (C3014)
        • Subwoofer Connector End View (C3020)
        • Subwoofer Amplifier Connector End View (C3041a)
        • Subwoofer Amplifier Connector End View (C3041b)
        • Subwoofer Amplifier Connector End View (C3041c)
        • 4x4 Mode Switch Connector End View (C3061)
        • Fuel Tank Unit Connector End View (C4033)
        • Fuel Tank Unit Connector End View (C4074)
  • Charging Systems
    • Charging System - (Generator & Regulators)
      • Description
      • Adjustments
        • Belt Tension
      • Trouble Shooting
      • On-Vehicle Testing
        • Battery Drain Test
        • Battery Drains That Shut Off When Battery Cable Is Disconnected Test
        • Generator Load Test
        • Generator No-Load Test
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: Battery Is Discharged Or Voltage Is Low
        • Test B: Warning Indicator Is On With Engine Running, System Is Not Charging
        • Test C: System Overcharges (Battery Voltage Is Greater Than 15.5 Volts)
        • Test D: Warning Indicator Is On With Engine Running, System Is Charging
        • Test E: Warning Indicator Is Off With Ignition On
        • Test F: Warning Indicator Flickers Or Operates Intermittently
        • Test G: Generator Noisy
        • Test H: Radio Interference
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Generator
          • Removal & Installation (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation (3.0L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.0L SOHC)
        • Voltage Regulator
          • Removal & Installation (3.0L)
      • Generator Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • 2002
        • 2003
    • Charging System (Battery, Mounting And Cables)
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Battery and Cables
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Battery
          • Notes
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Battery Condition Test
      • General Procedures
        • Battery Disconnect
      • Removal And Installation
        • Battery
          • Removal and Installation
  • Component Locations
    • Diagnostic Connector (DLC) Locations
      • Domestic Cars
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Domestic Light Trucks & Vans
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Imported Cars & Trucks
        • ACURA
        • AUDI
        • BENTLEY
        • BMW
        • DAIHATSU
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • FERRARI
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
        • HONDA
        • HYUNDAI
        • INFINITI
        • ISUZU
        • Jaguar
        • KIA
        • Land Rover
        • LEXUS
        • MAZDA
        • MERCEDES-BENZ
        • MITSUBISHI
        • NISSAN
        • PEUGEOT
        • PORSCHE
        • RENAULT
        • Rolls-ROYCE
        • SAAB
        • SUBARU
        • SUZUKI
        • TOYOTA
        • VOLKSWAGEN
        • VOLVO
    • Electrical Component Locator
      • Buzzers, Relays & Timers
      • Circuit Protection Devices
      • Control Units
      • Motors
      • Sending Units & Sensors
      • Solenoids & Solenoid Valves
      • Switches
      • Miscellaneous
      • Connectors
      • Grounds
      • Splices
      • Component Location Graphics
  • Fuses & Circuit Breakers
    • Identification
      • Notes
      • Auxiliary Relay Box 1
      • Battery Junction Box (BJB)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB)
      • Fusible Links
  • Gauges
    • Instrument Cluster System
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Instrument Cluster
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Printed Circuit
          • Gauge Indication Systems
          • Instrument Cluster Gauge Amplifier/Check Gauge Module
          • Fuel Sending Unit
          • Water Temperature Indicator Sender Unit
          • Oil Pressure Indicator Sender Unit
          • Charge Indicator System
          • Speedometer
          • Odometer
          • Trip Odometer
          • Tachometer
          • Warning Indicators
            • Brake System
            • Charge System Warning Indicator
            • Check Engine Light
            • Air Bag
            • Safety Belt
            • Low Fuel
            • Door Ajar
            • High Beam
            • Overdrive Off
            • Anti-Theft
            • Speed Control
            • Check Fuel Cap
            • Check Gage
          • Inspection & Verification
          • GEM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Four Wheel Drive (4WD) Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Incorrect Fuel Gauge Indication
            • Pinpoint Test B: Incorrect Temperature Gauge Indication
            • Pinpoint Test C: Incorrect Oil Pressure Gauge Indication
            • Pinpoint Test D: Inaccurate Speedometer Reading
            • Pinpoint Test E: The Speedometer/Odometer Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Tachometer Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test G: Incorrect Tachometer Indication
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Charge System Warning Indicator Is Never On
            • Pinpoint Test I: The Anti-Lock Brake Warning Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Check Fuel Cap Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test K: The High Beam Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test L: The Check Engine/Malfunction Indicator Lamp (Mil) Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test M: The LH Turn Signal Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test N: The RH Turn Signal Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test O: The O/D Off Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test P: The Speed Control Indicator Is Never On
            • Pinpoint Test Q: The Brake Warning Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test R: The Check Gage Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test S: The Door Ajar Indicator Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test T: The Safety Belt Warning Indicator Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test U: The 4X4 High, 4X4 Low Indicator Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test V: The Air Bag Indicator Is Inoperative
          • Component Tests
            • Gauge Test - Magnetic Gauge Test
            • Gauge Test - Engine Coolant Temperature Gauge
            • Gauge Test - Oil Pressure Gauge/Oil Pressure Switch
      • Removal & Installation
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Removal & Installation
        • Instrument Cluster Printed Circuit
          • Removal & Installation
        • Warning Indicator Bulb
          • Removal & Installation
        • Cluster Lens
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • Instrument Cluster System And Panel Illumination
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Instrument Cluster & Panel Illumination
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Instrument Cluster & Panel Illumination
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Control Illumination Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Instrument Cluster Illumination Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Climate Control Illumination Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Audio System Illumination Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test E: A Single Illumination Source Is Inoperative - Headlamp Switch
            • Pinpoint Test F: A Single Illumination Source Is Inoperative - 4WD Mode Switch
            • Pinpoint Test G: A Single Illumination Source Is Inoperative - Fog Lamp Switch
            • Pinpoint Test H: A Single Illumination Source Is Inoperative - Speed Control Actuator Switches
      • Removal & Installation
        • Switch
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Bulb - Instrument Cluster
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Bulb - Climate Control
          • Removal & Installation
    • Instrument Panel & Console
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Instrument Panel
        • Console -Floor
      • Removal And Installation
        • Instrument Panel
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Console -Floor
          • Removal
          • Installation
  • Horns
    • Horn System
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Horn
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Horn
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Horn Does Not Sound
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Horn Sounds Continuously
  • Motors, Switches, Relays
    • OEM Connector End Views
      • Connector End Views
        • A/C Clutch Solenoid Connector End View (C100)
        • Crankshaft Position Sensor Connector End View (C101)
        • Generator Connector End View (C102a)
        • Generator Connector End View (C102b)
        • Generator Connector End View (C102c)
        • Oil Pressure Switch Connector End View (C103)
        • Cylinder-Head Temperature Sensor Connector End View (C107)
        • Knock Sensor Connector End View (C108)
        • Knock Sensor Connector End View (C109)
        • Inline Connector End View (C110)
        • Speed Control Servo Connector End View (C122)
        • Brake Fluid Level Switch Connector End View (C124)
        • Windshield Wiper Motor Connector End View (C125)
        • Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensor Connector End View (C128)
        • Horn Connector End View (C131)
        • ABS Control Module Connector End View (C135)
        • Windshield Washer Pump Motor Connector End View (C137)
        • Inline Connector End View (C139)
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #12 Connector End View (C142)
        • Inline Connector End View (C144)
        • Inline Connector End View (C146)
        • Wheel Speed Sensor, Left Front Connector End View (C150)
        • Fog Lamp, Left Front Connector End View (C152)
        • Wheel Speed Sensor, Right Front Connector End View (C160)
        • Fog Lamp, Right Front Connector End View (C162)
        • Intermediate Shaft Speed (ISS) Sensor Connector End View (C164)
        • Digital Transmission Range (DTR) Sensor Connector End View (C167)
        • 5R44E Transmission Connector End View (C168)
        • Reversing Lamps Switch Connector End View (C169)
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #11 Connector End View (C171)
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #21 Connector End View (C172)
        • Ignition Transformer Capacitor 1 Connector End View (C174)
        • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Connector End View (C175) (1 Of 3)
        • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Connector End View (C175) (2 Of 3)
        • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Connector End View (C175) (3 Of 3)
        • Camshaft Position Sensor Connector End View (C180)
        • Fuel Injector 1 Connector End View (C181)
        • Fuel Injector 2 Connector End View (C182)
        • Fuel Injector 3 Connector End View (C183)
        • Fuel Injector 4 Connector End View (C184)
        • Fuel Injector 5 Connector End View (C185)
        • Fuel Injector 6 Connector End View (C186)
        • Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) Connector End View (C189)
        • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) Sensor Connector End View (C193)
        • Starter Motor Connector End View (C197a)
        • Starter Motor Connector End View (C197b)
        • 5R55E Transmission Connector End View (C199)
        • Multifunction Switch Connector End View (C202a)
        • Multifunction Switch Connector End View (C202b)
        • Main Light Switch Connector End View (C205)
        • Instrument Panel Dimming Module Connector End View (C206)
        • Inline Connector End View (C210)
        • Inline Connector End View (C211)
        • Inline Connector End View (C212)
        • Inline Connector End View (C213)
        • Inline Connector End View (C214)
        • Inline Connector End View (C215)
        • Air Bag Sliding Contact Connector End View (C218a)
        • Air Bag Sliding Contact Connector End View (C218b)
        • Inline Connector End View (C219)
        • Instrument Cluster Connector End View (C220a)
        • Instrument Cluster Connector End View (C220b)
        • Instrument Cluster Connector End View (C220c)
        • Fog Lamp Switch Connector End View (C240)
        • Ignition Switch Connector End View (C250)
        • Data Link Connector (DLC) Connector End View (C251)
        • Glove Box Lamp Connector End View (C254)
        • Passenger Air Bag Module Connector End View (C256)
        • Clutch Pedal Position Switch Connector End View (C257)
        • Central Security Module Connector End View (C274a)
        • Central Security Module Connector End View (C274b)
        • Brake Pedal Position Switch Connector End View (C278)
        • Transmission Control Switch Connector End View (C279)
        • Four-Wheel Drive Control Module Connector End View (C281a)
        • Four-Wheel Drive Control Module Connector End View (C281b)
        • Inertia Fuel Shutoff (IFS) Switch Connector End View (C282)
        • Four-Wheel Drive Switch Connector End View (C284)
        • Blend Door Actuator Connector End View (C289)
        • Audio Unit Connector End View (C290a)
        • Audio Unit Connector End View (C290b)
        • Audio Unit Connector End View (C290c)
        • Function Selector Switch Assembly, Front Connector End View (C294a)
        • Function Selector Switch Assembly, Front Connector End View (C294b)
        • Function Selector Switch Assembly, Front Connector End View (C294c)
        • Function Selector Switch Assembly, Front Connector End View (C294d)
        • Inline Connector End View (C300)
        • Passenger Safety Belt Retractor Pretensioner Connector End View (C303)
        • Inline Connector End View (C340)
        • Gearmotor Encoder Assembly Connector End View (C350)
        • Park/Stop/Turn Lamp, Left Rear Connector End View (C412)
        • Park/Stop/Turn Lamp, Right Rear Connector End View (C415)
        • Inline Connector End View (C421)
        • Fuel Tank Pressure Transducer Sensor Connector End View (C435)
        • Trailer Tow Connector End View (C439)
        • Evaporative Emission (EVAP) Canister Vent Valve Connector End View (C450)
        • Reversing Lamp, Left Connector End View (C451)
        • License Plate Lamp, Left Connector End View (C454)
        • Rear Axle Speed Sensor Connector End View (C455)
        • Reversing Lamp, Right Connector End View (C461)
        • License Plate Lamp, Right Connector End View (C464)
        • Master Window Adjust Switch Connector End View (C504)
        • Door Lock Switch, Driver Side Connector End View (C505)
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror, Left Connector End View (C522)
        • Speaker, Left Front Connector End View (C523)
        • Power Window Motor, Driver Side Front Connector End View (C524)
        • Door Lock Actuator, Left Front Connector End View (C525)
        • Door Ajar Switch, Left Front Connector End View (C526)
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror Switch Connector End View (C527)
        • Door Ajar Switch, Right Front Connector End View (C602)
        • Door Lock Actuator, Right Front Connector End View (C603)
        • Window Adjust Switch, Passenger Side Connector End View (C604)
        • Door Lock Switch, Passenger Side Connector End View (C605)
        • Power Window Motor, Passenger Side Front Connector End View (C608)
        • Speaker, Right Front Connector End View (C612)
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror, Right Connector End View (C622)
        • Speaker, Left Rear Connector End View (C702)
        • Inline Connector End View (C710)
        • Door Ajar Switch, Driver Side Rear Connector End View (C715)
        • Speaker, Right Rear Connector End View (C802)
        • Inline Connector End View (C810)
        • Door Ajar Switch, Passenger Side Rear Connector End View (C820)
        • Cargo Lamp Assembly Connector End View (C927)
        • Interior/Map Lamps Assembly, Front Connector End View (C931a)
        • Interior/Map Lamps Assembly, Front Connector End View (C931b)
        • Wiper High/Low Relay Connector End View (C1001)
        • Wiper Run/Park Relay Connector End View (C1002)
        • Windshield Washer Relay Connector End View (C1004)
        • Fog Lamp Relay Connector End View (C1007)
        • A/C Clutch Relay Connector End View (C1008)
        • Blower Motor Relay Connector End View (C1011)
        • PCM Power Relay Connector End View (C1016)
        • Starter Relay Connector End View (C1017)
        • PCM Power Diode Connector End View (C1018)
        • Headlamp, Left Connector End View (C1021)
        • Park/Turn Lamp, Left Front Connector End View (C1023)
        • Deactivator Switch Connector End View (C1025)
        • EVAP Canister Purge Valve Connector End View (C1029)
        • Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) Module Connector End View (C1030)
        • Heater Blower Motor Connector End View (C1031)
        • Heater Blower Motor Resistor, Front Connector End View (C1032)
        • Battery Junction Box (BJB) Connector End View (C1035)
        • Fog Lamp Isolation Relay Connector End View (C1038)
        • Headlamp, Right Connector End View (C1041)
        • Park/Turn Lamp, Right Front Connector End View (C1043)
        • Engine Cooling Fan Motor Connector End View (C1048)
        • Fuel Pump Relay Connector End View (C1051)
        • Engine Cooling Fan Relay Connector End View (C1055)
        • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) Sender Connector End View (C1061)
        • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) Sender Connector End View (C1064)
        • Ignition Coil Connector End View (C1065)
        • Idle Air Control (IAC) Valve Connector End View (C1066)
        • A/C High Pressure Switch Connector End View (C1078)
        • A/C Compressor Cycling Switch Connector End View (C1081)
        • Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Connector End View (C1087)
        • Battery Connector End View (C1100a)
        • Battery Connector End View (C1100b)
        • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) Sensor Connector End View (C1107)
        • Crankshaft Position Sensor Connector End View (C1120)
        • Power Steering Pressure Switch Connector End View (C1121)
        • Side Lamp, Right Front Connector End View (C1126)
        • Side Lamp, Left Front Connector End View (C1127)
        • Ignition Coil Connector End View (C1134)
        • Ignition Coil Connector End View (C1136)
        • EGR Stepper Motor Connector End View (C1160)
        • Swirl Control Monitor Connector End View (C1161)
        • Electronic Thermostat Connector End View (C1162)
        • Swirl Control Solenoid Valve Connector End View (C1163)
        • Camshaft Position Sensor Connector End View (C1180)
        • Fuel Injector 1 Connector End View (C1181)
        • Fuel Injector 2 Connector End View (C1182)
        • Fuel Injector 3 Connector End View (C1183)
        • Fuel Injector 4 Connector End View (C1184)
        • Fuel Injector 5 Connector End View (C1185)
        • Fuel Injector 6 Connector End View (C1186)
        • Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) Connector End View (C1189)
        • Trailer Tow Relay Connector End View (C1194)
        • Brake Shift Interlock Connector End View (C2008)
        • Parking Brake Switch Connector End View (C2015)
        • Interior Lamp Relay Connector End View (C2022)
        • Cigar Lighter, Front Connector End View (C2031a)
        • Cigar Lighter, Front Connector End View (C2031b)
        • Power Point Connector End View (C2033)
        • Restraints Control Module Connector End View (C2041)
        • Indicator Flasher Relay Connector End View (C2047)
        • Battery Saver Relay Connector End View (C2048)
        • One-Touch Window Relay Connector End View (C2051)
        • Window Safety Relay Connector End View (C2058)
        • Horn Relay Connector End View (C2077)
        • Passive Anti-Theft Transceiver Connector End View (C2097)
        • Passenger Air Bag Deactivation (PAD) Switch Connector End View (C2099)
        • Generic Electronic Module (GEM) Connector End View (C2100a)
        • Generic Electronic Module (GEM) Connector End View (C2100b)
        • Inline Connector End View (C2104)
        • Driver Safety Belt Retractor Pretensioner Connector End View (C3014)
        • Subwoofer Connector End View (C3020)
        • Subwoofer Amplifier Connector End View (C3041a)
        • Subwoofer Amplifier Connector End View (C3041b)
        • Subwoofer Amplifier Connector End View (C3041c)
        • 4x4 Mode Switch Connector End View (C3061)
        • Fuel Tank Unit Connector End View (C4033)
        • Fuel Tank Unit Connector End View (C4074)
  • Starter
    • Starting System
      • Description
      • Component Locations
      • Adjustments
        • Digital Transmission Range Sensor
      • Trouble Shooting
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: Engine Does Not Crank
        • Test B: Unusual Starter Noise
      • On-Vehicle Testing
        • Notes
        • Voltage Drop Test
        • Starter Ground Circuit Test
      • Removal & Installation
        • Starter Motor
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation (3.0L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.0L)
      • Starter Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • 2003
        • 2004
  • Wiring Diagrams
    • OEM Connector End Views
      • Connector End Views
        • A/C Clutch Solenoid Connector End View (C100)
        • Crankshaft Position Sensor Connector End View (C101)
        • Generator Connector End View (C102a)
        • Generator Connector End View (C102b)
        • Generator Connector End View (C102c)
        • Oil Pressure Switch Connector End View (C103)
        • Cylinder-Head Temperature Sensor Connector End View (C107)
        • Knock Sensor Connector End View (C108)
        • Knock Sensor Connector End View (C109)
        • Inline Connector End View (C110)
        • Speed Control Servo Connector End View (C122)
        • Brake Fluid Level Switch Connector End View (C124)
        • Windshield Wiper Motor Connector End View (C125)
        • Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensor Connector End View (C128)
        • Horn Connector End View (C131)
        • ABS Control Module Connector End View (C135)
        • Windshield Washer Pump Motor Connector End View (C137)
        • Inline Connector End View (C139)
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #12 Connector End View (C142)
        • Inline Connector End View (C144)
        • Inline Connector End View (C146)
        • Wheel Speed Sensor, Left Front Connector End View (C150)
        • Fog Lamp, Left Front Connector End View (C152)
        • Wheel Speed Sensor, Right Front Connector End View (C160)
        • Fog Lamp, Right Front Connector End View (C162)
        • Intermediate Shaft Speed (ISS) Sensor Connector End View (C164)
        • Digital Transmission Range (DTR) Sensor Connector End View (C167)
        • 5R44E Transmission Connector End View (C168)
        • Reversing Lamps Switch Connector End View (C169)
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #11 Connector End View (C171)
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #21 Connector End View (C172)
        • Ignition Transformer Capacitor 1 Connector End View (C174)
        • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Connector End View (C175) (1 Of 3)
        • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Connector End View (C175) (2 Of 3)
        • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Connector End View (C175) (3 Of 3)
        • Camshaft Position Sensor Connector End View (C180)
        • Fuel Injector 1 Connector End View (C181)
        • Fuel Injector 2 Connector End View (C182)
        • Fuel Injector 3 Connector End View (C183)
        • Fuel Injector 4 Connector End View (C184)
        • Fuel Injector 5 Connector End View (C185)
        • Fuel Injector 6 Connector End View (C186)
        • Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) Connector End View (C189)
        • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) Sensor Connector End View (C193)
        • Starter Motor Connector End View (C197a)
        • Starter Motor Connector End View (C197b)
        • 5R55E Transmission Connector End View (C199)
        • Multifunction Switch Connector End View (C202a)
        • Multifunction Switch Connector End View (C202b)
        • Main Light Switch Connector End View (C205)
        • Instrument Panel Dimming Module Connector End View (C206)
        • Inline Connector End View (C210)
        • Inline Connector End View (C211)
        • Inline Connector End View (C212)
        • Inline Connector End View (C213)
        • Inline Connector End View (C214)
        • Inline Connector End View (C215)
        • Air Bag Sliding Contact Connector End View (C218a)
        • Air Bag Sliding Contact Connector End View (C218b)
        • Inline Connector End View (C219)
        • Instrument Cluster Connector End View (C220a)
        • Instrument Cluster Connector End View (C220b)
        • Instrument Cluster Connector End View (C220c)
        • Fog Lamp Switch Connector End View (C240)
        • Ignition Switch Connector End View (C250)
        • Data Link Connector (DLC) Connector End View (C251)
        • Glove Box Lamp Connector End View (C254)
        • Passenger Air Bag Module Connector End View (C256)
        • Clutch Pedal Position Switch Connector End View (C257)
        • Central Security Module Connector End View (C274a)
        • Central Security Module Connector End View (C274b)
        • Brake Pedal Position Switch Connector End View (C278)
        • Transmission Control Switch Connector End View (C279)
        • Four-Wheel Drive Control Module Connector End View (C281a)
        • Four-Wheel Drive Control Module Connector End View (C281b)
        • Inertia Fuel Shutoff (IFS) Switch Connector End View (C282)
        • Four-Wheel Drive Switch Connector End View (C284)
        • Blend Door Actuator Connector End View (C289)
        • Audio Unit Connector End View (C290a)
        • Audio Unit Connector End View (C290b)
        • Audio Unit Connector End View (C290c)
        • Function Selector Switch Assembly, Front Connector End View (C294a)
        • Function Selector Switch Assembly, Front Connector End View (C294b)
        • Function Selector Switch Assembly, Front Connector End View (C294c)
        • Function Selector Switch Assembly, Front Connector End View (C294d)
        • Inline Connector End View (C300)
        • Passenger Safety Belt Retractor Pretensioner Connector End View (C303)
        • Inline Connector End View (C340)
        • Gearmotor Encoder Assembly Connector End View (C350)
        • Park/Stop/Turn Lamp, Left Rear Connector End View (C412)
        • Park/Stop/Turn Lamp, Right Rear Connector End View (C415)
        • Inline Connector End View (C421)
        • Fuel Tank Pressure Transducer Sensor Connector End View (C435)
        • Trailer Tow Connector End View (C439)
        • Evaporative Emission (EVAP) Canister Vent Valve Connector End View (C450)
        • Reversing Lamp, Left Connector End View (C451)
        • License Plate Lamp, Left Connector End View (C454)
        • Rear Axle Speed Sensor Connector End View (C455)
        • Reversing Lamp, Right Connector End View (C461)
        • License Plate Lamp, Right Connector End View (C464)
        • Master Window Adjust Switch Connector End View (C504)
        • Door Lock Switch, Driver Side Connector End View (C505)
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror, Left Connector End View (C522)
        • Speaker, Left Front Connector End View (C523)
        • Power Window Motor, Driver Side Front Connector End View (C524)
        • Door Lock Actuator, Left Front Connector End View (C525)
        • Door Ajar Switch, Left Front Connector End View (C526)
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror Switch Connector End View (C527)
        • Door Ajar Switch, Right Front Connector End View (C602)
        • Door Lock Actuator, Right Front Connector End View (C603)
        • Window Adjust Switch, Passenger Side Connector End View (C604)
        • Door Lock Switch, Passenger Side Connector End View (C605)
        • Power Window Motor, Passenger Side Front Connector End View (C608)
        • Speaker, Right Front Connector End View (C612)
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror, Right Connector End View (C622)
        • Speaker, Left Rear Connector End View (C702)
        • Inline Connector End View (C710)
        • Door Ajar Switch, Driver Side Rear Connector End View (C715)
        • Speaker, Right Rear Connector End View (C802)
        • Inline Connector End View (C810)
        • Door Ajar Switch, Passenger Side Rear Connector End View (C820)
        • Cargo Lamp Assembly Connector End View (C927)
        • Interior/Map Lamps Assembly, Front Connector End View (C931a)
        • Interior/Map Lamps Assembly, Front Connector End View (C931b)
        • Wiper High/Low Relay Connector End View (C1001)
        • Wiper Run/Park Relay Connector End View (C1002)
        • Windshield Washer Relay Connector End View (C1004)
        • Fog Lamp Relay Connector End View (C1007)
        • A/C Clutch Relay Connector End View (C1008)
        • Blower Motor Relay Connector End View (C1011)
        • PCM Power Relay Connector End View (C1016)
        • Starter Relay Connector End View (C1017)
        • PCM Power Diode Connector End View (C1018)
        • Headlamp, Left Connector End View (C1021)
        • Park/Turn Lamp, Left Front Connector End View (C1023)
        • Deactivator Switch Connector End View (C1025)
        • EVAP Canister Purge Valve Connector End View (C1029)
        • Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) Module Connector End View (C1030)
        • Heater Blower Motor Connector End View (C1031)
        • Heater Blower Motor Resistor, Front Connector End View (C1032)
        • Battery Junction Box (BJB) Connector End View (C1035)
        • Fog Lamp Isolation Relay Connector End View (C1038)
        • Headlamp, Right Connector End View (C1041)
        • Park/Turn Lamp, Right Front Connector End View (C1043)
        • Engine Cooling Fan Motor Connector End View (C1048)
        • Fuel Pump Relay Connector End View (C1051)
        • Engine Cooling Fan Relay Connector End View (C1055)
        • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) Sender Connector End View (C1061)
        • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) Sender Connector End View (C1064)
        • Ignition Coil Connector End View (C1065)
        • Idle Air Control (IAC) Valve Connector End View (C1066)
        • A/C High Pressure Switch Connector End View (C1078)
        • A/C Compressor Cycling Switch Connector End View (C1081)
        • Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Connector End View (C1087)
        • Battery Connector End View (C1100a)
        • Battery Connector End View (C1100b)
        • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) Sensor Connector End View (C1107)
        • Crankshaft Position Sensor Connector End View (C1120)
        • Power Steering Pressure Switch Connector End View (C1121)
        • Side Lamp, Right Front Connector End View (C1126)
        • Side Lamp, Left Front Connector End View (C1127)
        • Ignition Coil Connector End View (C1134)
        • Ignition Coil Connector End View (C1136)
        • EGR Stepper Motor Connector End View (C1160)
        • Swirl Control Monitor Connector End View (C1161)
        • Electronic Thermostat Connector End View (C1162)
        • Swirl Control Solenoid Valve Connector End View (C1163)
        • Camshaft Position Sensor Connector End View (C1180)
        • Fuel Injector 1 Connector End View (C1181)
        • Fuel Injector 2 Connector End View (C1182)
        • Fuel Injector 3 Connector End View (C1183)
        • Fuel Injector 4 Connector End View (C1184)
        • Fuel Injector 5 Connector End View (C1185)
        • Fuel Injector 6 Connector End View (C1186)
        • Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) Connector End View (C1189)
        • Trailer Tow Relay Connector End View (C1194)
        • Brake Shift Interlock Connector End View (C2008)
        • Parking Brake Switch Connector End View (C2015)
        • Interior Lamp Relay Connector End View (C2022)
        • Cigar Lighter, Front Connector End View (C2031a)
        • Cigar Lighter, Front Connector End View (C2031b)
        • Power Point Connector End View (C2033)
        • Restraints Control Module Connector End View (C2041)
        • Indicator Flasher Relay Connector End View (C2047)
        • Battery Saver Relay Connector End View (C2048)
        • One-Touch Window Relay Connector End View (C2051)
        • Window Safety Relay Connector End View (C2058)
        • Horn Relay Connector End View (C2077)
        • Passive Anti-Theft Transceiver Connector End View (C2097)
        • Passenger Air Bag Deactivation (PAD) Switch Connector End View (C2099)
        • Generic Electronic Module (GEM) Connector End View (C2100a)
        • Generic Electronic Module (GEM) Connector End View (C2100b)
        • Inline Connector End View (C2104)
        • Driver Safety Belt Retractor Pretensioner Connector End View (C3014)
        • Subwoofer Connector End View (C3020)
        • Subwoofer Amplifier Connector End View (C3041a)
        • Subwoofer Amplifier Connector End View (C3041b)
        • Subwoofer Amplifier Connector End View (C3041c)
        • 4x4 Mode Switch Connector End View (C3061)
        • Fuel Tank Unit Connector End View (C4033)
        • Fuel Tank Unit Connector End View (C4074)
    • System Wiring Diagrams
      • Using lemon2025'S Wiring Diagrams
      • Air Conditioning
      • Anti-Lock Brakes
      • Anti-Theft
      • Body Control Modules
      • Computer Data Lines
      • Cooling Fan
        • 2.3L
      • Cruise Control
      • Engine Performance
        • 2.3L
        • 3.0L
        • 4.0L
      • Exterior Lights
      • Ground Distribution
      • Headlights
      • Horn
      • Instrument Cluster
      • Interior Lights
      • Power Distribution
      • Power Mirrors
      • Power Windows
      • Radio
      • Shift Interlock
      • Starting/Charging
      • Supplemental Restraints
      • Transmission
        • Notes
        • 2.3L
        • 3.0L
        • 4.0L
      • Warning Systems
      • Wiper/Washer
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
• Engine Mechanical
  • Accessory Drive Belts
    • Engine Cooling System Specifications & Drive Belt Routing
      • Adjustments
        • Drive Belt
      • Drive Belt Routing
        • Drive Belt Routing - 2.3L
        • Drive Belt Routing - 3.0L
        • Drive Belt Routing - 4.0L SOHC
      • Cooling System Specifications
        • Coolant
  • Electric Cooling Fans
    • Description & Operation
    • Component Locations
    • Trouble Shooting
      • Notes
      • Preliminary Inspection
    • Diagnostic System
    • Removal & Installation
      • Fan Assembly
        • Removal & Installation
    • Torque Specifications
    • Wiring Diagrams
      • 2002
      • 2003
      • 2004
  • Cooling System (Mechanical)
    • Engine Cooling System
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Engine Cooling
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Engine Cooling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Loss Of Coolant
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Engine Overheats
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Engine Does Not Reach Normal Operating Temperature
          • Component Tests
            • Pressure Test
            • Cap
          • Thermostat-Water
          • Thermostat-Electrical Test
          • Thermostat-Mechanical Test, 3.0L and 4.0L Engines
          • Radiator Leak Test, Removed From Vehicle
          • Fan Clutch Test
        • Fan Clutch Test-Minimum Speed Requirement
          • Notes
          • Fan Clutch Test-Maximum Speed Requirement
      • General Procedures
        • Cooling System Draining, Filling and Bleeding - 2.3L
          • Material
          • Partial Drain
          • Complete Drain
          • Filling and Bleeding
        • Cooling System Draining, Filling and Bleeding - 3.0L and 4.0L
          • Material
          • Draining
          • Filling
          • Bleeding
        • Engine and Radiator Flushing
          • Material
      • Removal And Installation
        • Block Heater
          • Removal
        • Heater Core Backflushing
          • Material
          • Installation
        • Thermostat - Water, 3.0L
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Thermostat - Water, 4.0L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Thermostat Housing - 2.3L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Bypass Tube - 3.0L
          • Removal
        • Installation
        • Water Pump - 2.3L
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Water Pump - 3.0L
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Water Pump - 4.0L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Radiator - 2.3L
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Radiator - 3.0L and 4.0L
          • Removal
            • All vehicles
          • Installation
            • All vehicles
        • Fan - Blade and Clutch, 2.3L
        • Fan - Blade, 3.0L & 4.0L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Cooling Fan Motor and Shroud - 2.3L
          • Removal and Installation
            • All vehicles
        • Shroud - 3.0L and 4.0L
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Hose - 2.3L Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Valve Heater Hose
          • Removal and Installation
        • Water Bypass Hose - 2.3L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Coolant Outlet Pipe - 2.3L, Front
          • Removal and Installation
        • Coolant Outlet Pipe - 2.3L, Rear
          • Removal and Installation
        • Degas Bottle - 2.3L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Coolant Expansion Tank - 3.0L, 4.0L
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Sender Unit - Water Temperature Indicator, 2.3L
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Sender Unit - Water Temperature Indicator, 3.0L
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Sender Unit - Water Temperature Indicator, 4.0L
          • Removal and Installation
    • Engine Cooling System Specifications & Drive Belt Routing
      • Adjustments
        • Drive Belt
      • Drive Belt Routing
        • Drive Belt Routing - 2.3L
        • Drive Belt Routing - 3.0L
        • Drive Belt Routing - 4.0L SOHC
      • Cooling System Specifications
        • Coolant
  • Exhaust System
    • Specifications
      • General Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
    • Description And Operation
      • Exhaust System
        • Notes
        • Exhaust System - 2.3L Engine
        • Exhaust System - 3.0L and 4.0L Engines
    • Diagnosis And Testing
      • Exhaust System
        • Symptom Chart
    • General Procedures
      • Exhaust System Alignment
    • Removal And Installation
      • Heat Shield - Catalytic Converter and Muffler
        • Removal and Installation
  • Mechanical
    • Engine - 2.3L
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Engine
          • Notes
          • Lower Engine Block
          • Front Engine Block
          • Cylinder Head
          • Intake Manifold
      • General Procedures
        • Valve Clearance Check
      • In-Vehicle Repair
        • Intake Manifold
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Valve Cover
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Crankshaft Pulley
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Crankshaft Front Oil Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Engine Front Cover
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Timing Drive Components
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Valve Springs
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Valve Seals
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Valve Tappets
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Camshafts
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Exhaust Manifold
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Cylinder Head
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Filter Adapter
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Pressure Sender
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Oil Level Indicator and Tube
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Oil Pan
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Pump Screen and Pickup Tube
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Flywheel
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Flexplate
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Crankshaft Rear Seal with Retainer Plate
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Engine Support Insulators
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Removal
        • Engine
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
      • Disassembly
        • Engine
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
      • Disassembly And Assembly Of Subassemblies
        • Cylinder Head
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
      • Assembly
        • Engine
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Assembly
      • Installation
        • Engine
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Installation
    • Engine Systems General Information
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Engine
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Engine
          • Notes
          • Inspection and Verification
        • Symptom Chart
          • Notes
          • Component Tests
            • Engine Oil Leaks
            • Engine Oil Leaks-Fluorescent Oil Additive Method
            • Leakage Points-Underhood
            • Leakage Points-Under Engine-With Vehicle on Hoist
            • Leakage Points-With Transmission and Flywheel Removed
          • Compression Test-Compression Gauge Check
            • Notes
            • Compression Test-Test Results
            • Compression Test-Interpreting Compression Readings
          • Cylinder Leakage Detection
          • Oil Consumption Test
          • Intake Manifold Vacuum Test
            • Notes
            • Intake Manifold Vacuum Test-Interpreting Vacuum Gauge Readings
          • Excessive Engine Oil Consumption
            • Notes
            • Oil Pressure Test
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off-Valve Cover Removed
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Rocker Arm
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Camshaft Roller Followers and Hydraulic Lash Adjusters, Overhead Camshaft
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Camshaft-Engines
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Push Rods
          • Valve Train Analysis-Valve Springs
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Valve Spring Retainer and Valve Spring Retainer Keys
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Valves and Cylinder Head
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Running
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Running, Valves and Cylinder Head
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Running, Camshaft Lobe Lift-OHC Engines
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Running, Camshaft Lobe Lift-Push Rod Engine
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Running, Valve Tappet
      • General Procedures
        • Sprockets
        • Rocker Arms - Cleaning
        • Rocker Arms - Inspection
        • Push Rods - Cleaning
        • Push Rods - Inspection
        • Camshaft Journal - Diameter
        • Camshaft Journal - Clearance, Push Rod Engines, Micrometer Method
        • Camshaft Journal - Clearance, Plastigage Method
        • Camshaft End Play - Push Rod Engines
        • Camshaft End Play - OHC Engines
        • Camshaft - Lobe Surface
        • Camshaft Lobe Lift
        • Camshaft Runout
        • Crankshaft Main Bearing Journal - Diameter
        • Crankshaft Main Bearing Journal - Taper
        • Crankshaft Main Bearing Journal - Clearance
        • Crankshaft End Play
        • Crankshaft Runout
        • Crankshaft - Connecting Rod Journal Taper, Out of Round
        • Cylinder Bore - Taper
        • Cylinder Bore - Out-of-Round
        • Piston Inspection
        • Piston - Pin to Bore Diameter
        • Piston - Diameter
        • Piston - to Cylinder Bore Clearance
        • Piston - Selection
        • Piston - Ring End Gap
        • Piston - Ring-to-Groove Clearance
        • Piston - Pin Diameter
        • Connecting Rod - Cleaning
        • Connecting Rod - Large End Bore
        • Connecting Rod - Bushing Diameter
        • Connecting Rod - Bend
        • Connecting Rod - Twist
        • Connecting Rod - Piston Pin Side Clearance
        • Connecting Rod - Bearing Journal Clearance
        • Connecting Rod - Side Clearance
        • Roller Follower - Inspection
          • Push rod engines
          • OHC engines
        • Valve Tappet - Inspection
          • Push rod engines
          • OHC engines
        • Valve - Stem Diameter
        • Valve Stem to Valve Guide Clearance
        • Valve - Inspection
        • Valve - Guide Inner Diameter
        • Valve - Guide Reaming
        • Valve - Spring Installed Length
        • Valve - Spring Free Length
        • Valve - Spring Squareness
        • Valve Spring Strength
        • Valve - Seat Inspection
        • Valve - Seat Width
        • Valve - Seat Runout
        • Cylinder Head - Distortion
        • Cylinder Bore - Cleaning
        • Cylinder Block Core Plug Replacement
          • Notes
          • Cup-Type
          • Expansion-Type
        • Spark Plug Hole Thread Repair
        • Spark Plug - Inspection
        • Exhaust Manifold - Inspection
        • Bearing - Inspection
  • Starter
    • Starting System
      • Description
      • Component Locations
      • Adjustments
        • Digital Transmission Range Sensor
      • Trouble Shooting
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: Engine Does Not Crank
        • Test B: Unusual Starter Noise
      • On-Vehicle Testing
        • Notes
        • Voltage Drop Test
        • Starter Ground Circuit Test
      • Removal & Installation
        • Starter Motor
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation (3.0L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.0L)
      • Starter Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • 2003
        • 2004
• Engine Performance
  • Engine Control System - Adjustments
    • Engine Mechanical
    • Valve Clearance
      • Notes
      • 2.3L Engine (VIN Z)
    • Ignition Timing
      • Gasoline Engines
    • Injector Timing
      • Diesel Engines
    • Fuel Systems
      • Fuel Rail Tuning Adjustment (Bi-Fuel Only)
    • Idle Speed
      • Gasoline Engines
      • Diesel Engines
    • Throttle Position Sensor
      • Gasoline Engines
    • Accelerator Pedal Sensor
      • Diesel Engines
  • Application
    • Engine Introduction
      • Model Coverage
        • Notes
        • Vehicle Identification Number Description
          • Notes
          • World Manufacturer Identifier - Position 1
          • Brake Type & Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) - Position 2
          • Line, Series & Body Type Code - Position 3
          • Engine Code - Position 4
          • Computer-Generated Check Digit - Position 5
          • Model Year Code - Position 6
          • Assembly Plant Code - Position 7
          • Production Sequence Number - Position 8
        • Model/Year VIN Code Applications
        • Engine Code Location
  • Emissions
    • EGR Function Testing - Ford - Trucks
      • EGR Function Testing - Ford - Trucks
        • Test 1
          • Ported EGR Valve
        • Test 2
          • Backpressure Transducer EGR System
        • Test 3
          • Integral Backpressure Transducer Assembly
        • Test 4
          • Electronic EGR Valve
        • Test 5
          • Vacuum Amplifier (If Equipped)
        • Test 6
          • EEC-V Equipped Vehicles
        • Test 7
          • 1996-97 EEC-IV Equipped Trucks
        • Test 8
          • EGR Valve
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
        • Test 9
    • Emission Applications - Gasoline
      • Emission Applications
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • State Emission Standards - Diesel
      • ARIZONA
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • IDAHO
      • KENTUCKY
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • New YORK
      • OHIO
      • RHODE Island
      • UTAH
      • WASHINGTON
    • State Emission Standards - Gas
      • ALASKA
      • ARIZONA
      • CALIFORNIA
        • California Emission Standards ASM Tests
        • Legend
        • Pass/Fail Emission Standards = A+B / VTW
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • DELAWARE
      • District Of COLUMBIA
      • GEORGIA
      • IDAHO
      • ILLINOIS
      • INDIANA
      • KENTUCKY
      • MARYLAND
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • MISSOURI
      • NEVADA
      • New Jersey
      • New MEXICO
      • New YORK
      • North CAROLINA
      • OHIO
      • OREGON
      • PENNSYLVANIA
      • RHODE Island
      • TENNESSEE
      • TEXAS
      • UTAH
      • VIRGINIA
      • WASHINGTON
      • WISCONSIN
      • U. S. EPA ASM2525 & ASM5015 Start-Up Emission Standards
      • U. S. EPA Revised Final ASM Emission Standards (ASM5015 & ASM2525)
      • U.S. EPA Im240 Emission Standards
        • Start-Up Standards
        • Final Standards
  • Engine Control Systems
    • Acceleration Control System
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Acceleration Control
          • Component Location
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Acceleration Control
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
      • Removal And Installation
        • Pedal - Accelerator
          • Removal and Installation
        • Accelerator Cable - 2.3L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Accelerator Cable - 3.0L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Accelerator Cable - 4.0L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Accelerator Cable Bracket - 3.0L
  • Mode 6 - 2003 Ford - Except Diesel
    • Introduction
    • Catalyst Monitor
    • Misfire Monitor
    • Air System Monitor
    • EVAP Monitor
    • Front Ho2S Monitor
    • Rear Ho2S Monitor
    • Ho2S Heater Monitor
    • EGR Monitor
  • Engine Controls - Pin Voltage Charts
    • Introduction
    • Test Equipment
    • Test Procedures
      • Notes
      • Pin Voltage Testing
      • Symptom Testing
      • PID Testing
        • Notes
        • Accessing Generic OBD-II PIDs
        • Accessing Ford Specific PIDs
      • Pcm Connectors
      • Powertrain Control Module Locations
    • PID Definitions & Pin Voltage/PID Values
      • Notes
      • PID Definitions
      • Pin Voltage/PID Value Charts
        • Notes To Typical Diagnostic Reference Value Charts
        • Typical Diagnostic Reference Value Charts - 2.3L (A/T)
        • Typical Diagnostic Reference Value Charts - 2.3L (M/T)
        • Typical Diagnostic Reference Value Charts - 3.0L (A/T)
        • Typical Diagnostic Reference Value Charts - 3.0L (M/T)
        • Typical Diagnostic Reference Value Charts - 3.0L Flex Fuel (A/T)
        • Typical Diagnostic Reference Value Charts - 4.0L (A/T)
        • Typical Diagnostic Reference Value Charts - 4.0L (M/T)
  • Remove, Overhaul & Install
    • Acceleration Control System
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Acceleration Control
          • Component Location
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Acceleration Control
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
      • Removal And Installation
        • Pedal - Accelerator
          • Removal and Installation
        • Accelerator Cable - 2.3L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Accelerator Cable - 3.0L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Accelerator Cable - 4.0L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Accelerator Cable Bracket - 3.0L
    • Engine Controls - Removal & Installation
      • Air Induction Systems
        • Intake Manifold
          • Removal (2.3L)
          • Installation
          • Removal (3.0L - Lower)
          • Removal (3.0L - Upper)
          • Removal (4.0L)
        • Intake Manifold Runner Control Actuator (2.3L Only)
        • Mass Airflow Sensor
        • Throttle Body
          • Removal & Installation (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation (3.0L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.0L)
      • Computerized Engine Controls
        • Notes
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Removal & Installation
      • Programming
        • Powertrain Control Module Reset
          • Description
          • Resetting Keep Alive Memory (KAM)
        • Flash Electrically ERASEABLE Programmable Read Only Memory (Flash EEPROM)
          • Description
          • Programming VID Block For Replacement PCM
          • Making Changes To The VID Block
          • Making Changes To The PCM Calibration
      • Sensors & Switches
        • Air Charge Temperature Sensor
        • Camshaft Position Sensor
          • Removal & Installation (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation (3.0L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.0L)
        • Camshaft Position Synchronizer (3.0L)
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Crankshaft Position Sensor
          • Notes
          • Removal (2.3L)
          • Installation (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation (3.0L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.0L)
        • Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor (3.0L & 4.0L)
          • Removal & Installation (3.0L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.0L)
        • Fuel Level Sensor
        • Fuel Tank Pressure Sensor
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Knock Sensor
          • Removal & Installation (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation (3.0L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.0L)
        • Mass Airflow Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Throttle Position Sensor
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
      • Motors, Relays & Solenoids
        • EVAP Canister Purge Valve
          • Removal & Installation
        • EVAP Canister Vent Solenoid
        • Idle Air Control Valve
          • Removal & Installation (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation (3.0L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.0L)
        • Intake Manifold Runner Control Actuator (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation
      • Cooling System
        • Cooling System Precautions
        • Cooling System Draining
          • 2.3L
          • 3.0L & 4.0L
        • Cooling System Filling & Bleeding
          • 2.3L
          • 3.0L & 4.0L
      • Fuel Systems
        • Fuel System Safety Precautions
          • Safe Fuel Handling Practices
        • Fuel System Pressure Release
        • Fuel Line Connectors
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Push Release Fitting)
          • Removal & Installation ("R" Clip Fitting)
          • Removal & Installation (Spring Lock Fitting)
        • Fuel Filter
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Injection Supply Manifold & Injectors
          • Removal & Installation (2.3L)
          • Removal (3.0L)
          • Installation (3.0L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.0L)
        • Fuel Level Sensor
        • Fuel Pressure Regulator
        • Fuel Pump
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Pulse Damper
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.0L)
        • Fuel Tank
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Tank Draining
        • Fuel Tank Pressure Sensor
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor
        • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch Reset Procedure
        • Throttle Body
      • Ignition Systems
        • Notes
        • Camshaft Position Sensor
        • Camshaft Position Synchronizer (3.0L)
        • Crankshaft Position Sensor
        • Ignition Coil
          • Removal & Installation (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation (3.0L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.0L)
        • Knock Sensor
        • Spark Plug
          • Removal & Installation (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation (3.0L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.0L)
        • Spark Plug Wires
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation (3.0L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.0L)
      • Emission Systems & Sub-Systems
        • Evaporative Emission System Safety Precautions
        • EVAP Canister
          • Removal & Installation
        • EVAP Canister Purge Valve
        • EVAP Canister Vent Solenoid
        • Vapor Line Connectors
          • Removal & Installation (Internal Squeeze Fitting)
          • Removal & Installation (Push Release Fitting)
        • After Repair Procedure
        • Crankcase Vent Oil Separator (2.3L)
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Valve (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Exhaust Manifold-To-Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Valve Tube (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Positive Crankcase Ventilation Valve
          • Removal & Installation (2.3L)
          • Removal & Installation (3.0L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.0L)
        • Fuel Vapor Tube Assembly
          • Removal & Installation
      • Torque Specifications
        • 2.3L
        • 3.0L
        • 4.0L
      • Special Tools
    • Intake Air Distribution And Filtering
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Intake Air Distribution and Filtering
          • Notes
          • Air Intake Component Locations
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Intake Air Distribution and Filtering
      • Removal And Installation
        • Air Cleaner Outlet Pipe - 2.3L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Air Cleaner Outlet Pipe - 3.0L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Air Cleaner Outlet Pipe - 4.0L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Air Cleaner
          • Removal and Installation
        • Air Cleaner Element
          • Removal and Installation
  • Sensor Range Charts
    • Engine Controls - Sensor Operating Range Charts
      • Introduction
  • Specifications
    • Engine Controls - Service & Adjustment Specifications
      • Introduction
      • Capacities
        • Cooling System Capacities
        • Engine Oil Capacities
        • Transmission & Transfer Case Capacities
        • Differential Fluid Capacities
      • Quick-Service
        • Service Intervals & Specifications
        • Belt Adjustment
      • Mechanical Checks
        • Engine Compression
          • Gasoline Engines
        • Valve Clearance
      • Ignition Systems
        • High Tension Wire Resistance
        • Spark Plugs
          • Notes
          • Spark Plug Specifications (4-Cylinder)
          • Spark Plug Specifications (V6)
        • Firing Order & Timing Marks
          • Notes
          • Firing Order & Timing Marks (2.3L)
          • Firing Order & Timing Marks (3.0L)
          • Firing Order & Timing Marks (4.0L)
        • Ignition Timing
      • Fuel Systems
        • Fuel Injectors
        • Fuel Pump
        • Idle Mixture & Speed
        • Throttle Position Sensor
    • Firing Order & Cylinder Identification
      • Firing Order & Cylinder Identification
        • Notes
        • 3 Cylinder Engine
        • 4 Cylinder Engine
        • 5 Cylinder Engine
        • V6 Engine
          • 3.3L (VIN T) Engines
          • 3.0L Villager Engine
          • All Other V6 Engines Except 3.3L (VIN T) & 3.0L Villager Engine
        • V8 Engine
          • 3.9L (VIN A) V8 Engines
          • 5.2L V8 Engines
          • 5.0L (Mustang Only) & 6.2L V8 Engines
          • All Other Gasoline V8 Engines Except 3.9L (VIN A), 5.0L (Mustang Only), 5.2L & 6.2L
          • Diesel V8 Engine (To 2010)
          • 6.7L Diesel V8 Engine (From 2011)
        • V10 Engine
    • Fuel System Pressure Specifications
      • Fuel Systems
        • Fuel Pressure - Cars
        • Fuel Pressure - Trucks
  • System
    • Engine Controls - Basic Diagnostic Procedures - Except Diesel
      • Introduction
      • Preliminary Inspection & Adjustments
        • Visual Inspection
        • Mechanical Inspection
          • Compression
          • Exhaust System Backpressure
      • Fuel Systems
        • Notes
        • Preliminary Checks
        • Fuel System Pressure Release
          • Notes
          • Gasoline Engines
        • Fuel Pressure
          • Bi-Fuel & Natural Gas Vehicle Engines
          • Gasoline Engines
        • Fuel Injectors
          • Fuel Injector Resistance
          • Fuel Injector Check
        • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
      • Ignition Checks
        • Preliminary Checks
        • EDIS (DISTRIBUTORLESS) Ignition System
          • Notes
          • Spark Check
        • Ignition Coil Resistance
      • Idle Speed & Ignition Timing
        • Notes
        • Idle Mixture Adjustment
        • Ignition Timing
      • Throttle Position Sensor Adjustment
      • Summary
    • Engine Controls - Self-Diagnostics Introduction - CNG, Flex-Fuel & Gasoline
      • Introduction
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Diagnostic Formats
        • Diagnostic Trouble Codes
          • Notes
          • KOEO & KOER Self-Tests
          • Continuous Memory Codes
        • Retrieving Codes
        • Reading Codes
          • Notes
          • KOEO & KOER On-Demand Self-Test Codes
          • Pass Codes
          • Continuous Memory Codes
        • Clearing Codes
          • Notes
          • PCM Reset Procedure
          • Keep Alive Random Access Memory Reset Procedure
      • Powertrain Control Module Location
        • Aviator, BLACKWOOD, Explorer, F150 Pickup & Mountaineer
        • Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis, Marauder & Town Car
        • ECONOLINE
        • Escape & Ranger
        • Excursion & F250-550 Super-Duty Pickups
        • Expedition, Explorer Sport, Explorer Sport TRAC & Navigator
        • Focus & Mustang
        • LS & THUNDERBIRD
        • Sable, TAURUS & WINDSTAR
        • ZX2
      • Quick Test
        • Notes
        • Visual Check
        • Vehicle Preparation & Equipment Hookup
        • KOEO On-Demand Self-Test
          • Description
          • Performing Self-Test
        • KOER On-Demand Self-Test
          • Description
          • BPP, PSP & TCS Test Procedures
          • Performing Self-Test
        • Continuous Memory Self-Test
          • Description
          • Performing Self-Test
      • Additional System Functions
        • Notes
        • Parameter Identification Mode
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Accessing Generic OBD-II PIDs
          • Accessing Ford Specific PIDs
        • On-Board System Readiness Test Mode
          • Description
          • Accessing OSR Test Mode
        • Freeze Frame Data Mode
          • Description
          • Accessing Freeze Frame Data Mode PIDs
        • Diagnosing Adaptive Fuel DTCS
          • Description
          • Obtain Freeze Frame Data
          • Using LONGFT1 & LONGFT2 (Dual Bank Engines) PIDs
          • Resetting Long Term Fuel Trims
          • DTC P0171/P0174 System Too Lean Diagnostic Aids
          • DTC P0172/P0175 System Too Rich Diagnostic Aids
        • Output Test Mode
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Accessing Output Test Mode
        • Failure Mode Effects Management
        • Hardware Limited Operational Strategy
        • Engine Rpm/Vehicle Speed Limiter
      • Diagnostic Monitors
        • Description
        • Catalyst Efficiency Monitor
          • Description
          • Switch Ratio Method (1996-Later)
          • Index Ratio Method (Some 2001-Later)
          • General Catalyst Monitor Operation
        • Comprehensive Component Monitor
        • Evaporative Emission Leak Check Monitor
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION System Monitor - Differential Pressure Feedback EGR
        • Electric Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION System Monitor
        • Fuel System Monitor
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor Monitor
          • Description
          • HO2S Testing
        • Misfire Detection Monitoring
        • Secondary Air Injection System Monitor - Electric Secondary Air Injection Pump System
        • Thermostat Monitor
      • Programming Pcm
        • Powertrain Control Module Reset
          • Description
          • Resetting Keep Alive Memory (KAM)
        • Flash Electrically ERASEABLE Programmable Read Only Memory (Flash EEPROM)
          • Description
          • Programming VID Block For Replacement PCM
          • Making Changes To The VID Block
          • Making Changes To The PCM Calibration
      • Fuel System Safety Precautions
        • Gasoline System
          • Notes
          • Safe Fuel Handling Practices (Gasoline, Methanol & Methanol Blends)
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch Reset Procedure
        • Natural Gas System
          • Notes
          • Safe Fuel Handling Practices (Natural Gas)
      • Drive Cycles
        • Notes
        • OBD-II Drive Cycle Description
        • OBD-II Drive Cycle Vehicle Preparation
        • OBD-II Drive Cycle
      • Summary
      • Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
      • Pcm Connector Identification
        • Notes
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Aviator)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (BLACKWOOD)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Marauder)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (E-Series)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Escape)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Excursion & F250-F550 Super Duty)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Expedition & Navigator)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Explorer & Mountaineer)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Explorer Sport & Sport TRAC)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (F150)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Focus 2.0L)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Focus 2.3L)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (LS)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Mustang)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Ranger)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Sable & TAURUS)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (THUNDERBIRD)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Town Car)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (ZX2)
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • How To Use System Tests
      • Evaporative Emissions Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
      • System Tests (Evaporative Emission)
        • Notes
        • Canister Vent Solenoid Closing Procedure
        • Evaporative Emissions System Leak Test
        • Evaporative Emission Repair Verification Drive Cycle
        • Test A: DTC P0442, P0456 Or P0457: Small Leak Detected In EVAP System
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • F150 & Focus
          • Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis, Marauder, Mustang, Town Car & ZX2
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Ranger
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
        • Test B: DTC P0455: Major Leak Or No Flow Detected In EVAP System Or DTC P1443: Very Small Or No Purge Flow Detected In EVAP System
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • Focus
          • F150
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
        • Test C: DTC P1450: Excessive Vacuum Detected In Fuel Tank
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • Focus
          • F150
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Cars
          • Crown Victoria
          • Focus
          • Grand Marquis
          • LS
          • Marauder
          • Mustang
          • Sable
          • Taurus
          • Thunderbird
          • Town Car
          • ZX2
        • Trucks
          • Aviator
          • Cab & Chassis F350 Super Duty
          • Cutaway E350 Super Duty
          • Econoline E150
          • Econoline E250
          • Econoline E350 Super Duty
          • Escape
          • Expedition
          • Explorer
          • Explorer Sport
          • Explorer Sport Trac
          • Excursion
          • E450 Super Duty
          • E550 Super Duty
          • F450 Super Duty
          • F550 Super Duty
          • Mountaineer
          • Navigator
          • Pickup F150
          • Pickup F250 Super Duty
          • Pickup F350 Super Duty
          • Ranger
          • RV Cutaway E350 Super Duty
          • Windstar
    • Engine Controls - System & Component Tests - Gasoline
      • Introduction
      • Air Induction Systems
        • Intake Air Control
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve Solenoid
      • Computerized Engine Controls
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Ground Circuits
          • Power Circuits
      • Sensors & Switches
        • Notes
        • Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor
        • Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
        • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
        • Barometric Pressure Sensor
        • Brake Pedal Applied/Brake Pedal Position Switch
        • Camshaft Position Sensor
        • Clutch Pedal Position Switch
        • Crankshaft Position Sensor
        • Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
        • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
        • Engine Oil Temperature Sensor
        • Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
        • Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor
        • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
        • Intake Air Temperature Sensor
        • Intake Air Temperature 2 Sensor (SC Only)
        • Knock Sensor
        • Mass Airflow Sensor
        • Output Shaft Speed Sensor
        • Park/Neutral Position Or Clutch Pedal Position Switch
        • Power Steering Pressure Sensor
        • Power Steering Pressure Switch
        • Reverse Switch
        • Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
        • Throttle Position Sensor
        • Transfer Case Speed Sensor
        • Transmission Control Switch
        • Vehicle Speed Sensor
      • Relays & Solenoids
        • Notes
        • Air Injection By-Pass Solenoid
        • Air Injection Diverter Solenoid
        • Canister Vent Solenoid
        • Cooling Fan Control, Fuel Pump & Pcm Power Relay
        • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
        • EVAP Canister Vent Solenoid
        • EVAP Canister Purge Valve
        • Idle Air Control Solenoid
        • Intake Manifold Runner Control Solenoid
        • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Solenoid (Ranger 2.3L Only)
        • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve Solenoid
        • Supercharger (Boost) By-Pass Solenoid
        • Variable Cam Timing Solenoid
      • Fuel Systems
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Fuel Pressure Regulator
          • Fuel Pump Relay
          • Fuel System Pressure Check
        • Fuel Control
          • Fuel Injector
      • Ignition Systems
      • Emission Systems & Sub-Systems
        • Catalytic Converter
        • Emissions Compliance
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Routines
        • Fuel Evaporation
        • Secondary Air Injection
        • EGR Systems
          • Electric Exhaust Gas Recirculation
          • Exhaust Gas Recirculation
        • Positive Crankcase Ventilation (Aviator & Mustang 4.6L)
      • Evaporative Emission System Tests
        • Notes
        • Canister Vent Solenoid Closing Procedure
        • Evaporative Emissions System Leak Test
        • Hissing Sound When Removing Fuel Cap
          • Notes
          • Aviator, Econoline, Escape, Excursion, Expedition, Explorer, Explorer Sport, Explorer Sport Trac, F250-550 Super Duty Pickup, Mountaineer, Navigator, Ranger & Windstar
          • Blackwood
          • Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis, Marauder & Town Car
          • Focus & ZX2
          • F150 Pickup
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Mustang
          • Sable & Taurus
        • Excessive Fuel Odor
          • Notes
          • Aviator, Blackwood, Econoline, Escape, Expedition, Excursion, Explorer, Explorer Sport, Explorer Sport Trac, F250-550 Super Duty Pickup, Mountaineer, Navigator, Ranger & Windstar
          • Crown Victoria, Focus, Grand Marquis, Marauder, Sable, Taurus & Town Car & ZX2
          • F150 Pickup
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Mustang
        • Unable To Refuel Vehicle
          • Notes
          • Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis, Marauder & Town Car
          • Escape
          • Focus, Ranger, Sable, Taurus & ZX2 (With ORVR Only)
          • Mustang
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Cars
        • Trucks
    • Engine Controls - System Test A Through DU - CNG, Flex-Fuel & Gasoline
      • Test A: No-Start
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test B: EEC-V Power Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test C: Reference Voltage
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DA: Temperature Sensor Test (IAT, ECT & EOT)
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Db: Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dc: Mass Airflow Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dd: Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DF: Vehicle Speed Circuit Check
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dg: Knock Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DH: Throttle Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DJ: Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DK: Electronic Throttle Control & Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DL: Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dm: Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor & Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DP: Vehicle Speed Sensor/Transfer Case Speed Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DQ: Barometric Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dr: Camshaft Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DS: Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DT: Power Steering Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DU: Intake Air Temperature 2
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - System Test DV Through JD - CNG, Flex-Fuel & Gasoline
      • Test DV: Electronic Throttle Control Throttle Position Sensor, Throttle Control Motor
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test FB: Power Take Off
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test FD: Brake Pedal Position Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ff: Power Steering Pressure Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test H: Fuel Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ha: Natural Gas Fuel Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HB: Natural Gas Fuel Delivery System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HC: Gasoline Fuel Delivery System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hd: Misfire Detection Monitor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test He: EGR System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hf: Catalyst Efficiency Monitor & Exhaust Systems
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hg: PCV System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HH: Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION System Module
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HK: Variable Cam Timing
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HM: Secondary Air Injection System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HU: Air Intake System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HX: Evaporative Emission Monitor & System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HY: Generator/Regulator System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JB: Secondary Ignition
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JD: Crankshaft Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - System Test JE Through Z - CNG, Flex-Fuel & Gasoline
      • Test JE: Integrated Ignition Coil Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JF: Integrated Ignition Coil On Plug Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JH: Tachometer Output Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KA: Fuel Pump Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kb: Fuel Pump Driver Module
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kc: Fuel Shutoff Valve Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KD: Electric Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KE: Idle Air Control Valve
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KF: Fan Control Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kg: VISCTRONIC Drive Fan Clutch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KJ: Supercharger By-Pass Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kl: Shift Indicator Light
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Km: A/C Clutch Relay & A/C Circuits
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kn: Variable Speed Electric Cooling Fan
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KP: Charge Air Cooler Pump
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KQ: Thermostat Heater Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test NB: Malfunction Indicator Light
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test NC: Ignition Engine Speed Input Circuit
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test ND: Engine Rpm/Vehicle Speed Limiter
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QA: Unable To Activate Self-Test/SCP Communication Error/DTC Not Listed
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QB: KOEO DTC P0603 Or KOEO, KOER & Continuous Memory DTC P1633
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QC: OBD-II Monitor Testing Not Complete; DTC P1000
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QD: DTC P1260
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ta: Park/Neutral Position Or Clutch Pedal Position Switches
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Tb: Transmission Control Switch/Transmission Control Indicator Lamp
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • TEST TG: 4x4 LOW RANGE
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Th: Reverse Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test TJ: Output Shaft Speed Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test X: Constant Control Relay Module
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Z: Intermittent
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - Theory & Operation - CNG, Flex-Fuel & Gasoline
      • Introduction
      • Air Induction Systems
        • Supercharger (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC & Mustang 4.6L SC)
          • Supercharger Assembly
          • Supercharger By-Pass System
          • Supercharger Intercooler (Charge Air Cooler) System
        • Variable Induction System
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control - Focus 2.0L (VIN P), Econoline & Pickup 4.2L (VIN 2) & Windstar 3.8L (VIN 4)
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Vacuum Actuated System - Ranger 2.3L (VIN D)
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve - LS, Sable & Taurus 3.0L (VIN S), Econoline & Pickup 4.6L (VIN W), & Blackwood 5.4L 4VPC (VIN A)
      • Computerized Engine Controls
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Notes
          • Hardware Limited Operation Strategy
          • Integrated Electronic Ignition System
          • Keep Alive Random Access Memory
        • Power & Ground Signals
          • Vehicle Buffered Power
          • Vehicle Power
          • Vehicle Reference Voltage
          • Mass Air Flow Return
          • Signal Return
          • Power Ground
          • Gold Plated Terminals
        • Powertrain Control Module Software
          • Engine RPM/Vehicle Speed Limiter
          • Fail-Safe Cooling Strategy
          • Failure Mode Effects Management
          • Flash Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
          • Fuel Trim
          • Idle Air Trim
          • Idle Speed Control Closed Throttle Determination
          • Multiplexing
          • Multiplexing Implementation
          • Standard Corporate Protocol
          • High Speed - Controller Area Network (HS-CAN)
        • Diagnostic Monitors
        • Constant Control Relay Module
        • Fuel Pump Driver Module
        • Generic Electronic Module
        • Natural Gas Vehicle Module
        • Input Devices
          • Notes
          • A/C Cycling Switch
          • Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
          • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
          • A/C High Pressure Switch
          • Brake Pedal Position Switch
          • Brake Pressure Applied/Brake Deactivator Switch
          • Camshaft Position Sensor
          • Clutch Pedal Position Switch
          • Crankshaft Position Sensor
          • Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
          • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR Sensor
          • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Oil Temperature Sensor
          • Fan Speed Sensor
          • Fuel Level Input
          • Fuel Pump Monitor (With Fuel Pump Driver Module)
          • Fuel Pump Monitor (Without Fuel Pump Driver Module)
          • Fuel Tank Pressure Sensor
          • Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
          • Generator Load
          • Generator Monitor
          • Heated Oxygen Sensor
          • Intake Air Temperature Sensor
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve
          • Knock Sensor
          • Mass Airflow Sensor
          • Output Shaft Speed Sensor
          • Power Steering Pressure Sensor
          • Power Steering Pressure Switch
          • Power Take-Off Switch
          • Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
          • Throttle Position Sensor
          • Transmission Control Switch
          • Vehicle Speed Sensor
          • 4x4 Mode Switch
        • Output Devices
          • Notes
          • Canister Vent Solenoid
          • Coil Pack
          • Coil On Plug
          • Electric EGR Motor System
          • EGR System Module
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
          • Electric Secondary Air Injection Pump
          • Evaporative Emission Canister Purge Valve
          • Fan Control
          • Fuel Cap Off Indicator Light
          • Fuel Injectors
          • Fuel Pump (Applications Using Fuel Pump Relay For Fuel Pump ON/OFF Control)
          • Fuel Pump Driver Module Applications & Applications With Fuel Pump Functions Incorporated In Rear Electronic Module)
          • Generator Communication
          • Idle Air Control Valve
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve
          • Malfunction Indicator Light
          • Secondary Air Injection By-Pass Solenoid
          • Solid State Relay
          • Thermostat Heater Control
          • Transmission Control Indicator Light
          • Wide Open Throttle A/C Cut-Off Relay
          • Vapor Management Valve
          • Vehicle Speed Output
          • Vistronic Drive Fan
      • Fuel Systems (Gasoline)
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Notes
          • Returnable Fuel System
          • Mechanical Returnless Fuel System
          • Electronic Returnless Fuel System
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch (All Fuel Systems)
        • Fuel Control
          • Notes
          • Fuel Injectors
      • Fuel Systems (Natural Gas)
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Notes
          • Fueling Connector
          • Fuel Lines & Fittings
          • Fuel Rail
          • Fuel Rail Shutoff Valve
          • Fuel Tank Shutoff Valve
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
          • NG Fuel Pressure Regulator
        • Fuel Control
          • Natural Gas Vehicle Module
          • NG Fuel Injectors
      • Idle Speed
        • Idle Control System
          • Idle Air Control Valve Assembly
      • Ignition Systems
        • Integrated Electronic Ignition System
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Coil Pack System
          • Coil On Plug System
      • Variable Cam Timing System
        • Variable Cam Timing
          • Description
          • Variable Cam Timing Solenoid Valve
          • Variable Cam Timing Unit Assembly
      • Catalyst & Exhaust Systems
        • Catalyst System
          • Notes
          • Catalytic Converter
          • Light Off Catalyst
          • 3-Way Catalytic Converter
          • 3-Way Catalyst Conversion Efficiency
        • Exhaust System
          • Notes
          • Hardware
          • Exhaust Manifold & Runners
          • Exhaust Pipes
          • Upstream & Downstream Heated Oxygen Sensors
          • Muffler
      • Evaporative Emission Systems
        • Fuel Evaporative Systems
        • Enhanced Evaporative Emission System
          • Notes
          • EVAP Canister Purge Valve
          • Fuel Filler Cap
        • On-Board Refueling Vapor Recovery EVAP System
        • Positive Crankcase Ventilation
      • Secondary Air Injection System
        • Description
        • Electric Secondary Air Injection System
          • Notes
          • AIR By-Pass Solenoid
          • AIR Diverter Valve
          • Electric AIR Pump
      • EGR Systems
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR System
          • Notes
          • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR Sensor (Remote Mounted)
          • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR Sensor (Tube Mounted)
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
          • EGR Valve
          • Orifice Tube Assembly
        • Electric EGR Motor System
        • EGR System Module
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Notes
        • Malfunction Indicator Light
      • Electronic Throttle Control
        • Description
        • Electronic Throttle Body
        • Accelerator Pedal Position Sensors
      • Miscellaneous Controls
        • Pcm Controlled Charging System
          • Description
          • Generator Communication
          • Generator Load
          • Generator Monitor
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Cars
        • Trucks
    • Engine Controls - Trouble Shooting - No Codes - CNG, Flex-Fuel & Gasoline
      • Introduction
      • Symptoms
        • Notes
        • Symptom Diagnosis
        • Rough Or Rolling Idle, Stalls, Misses, Hesitation Or Surge
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Engine Runs Rough At Idle
          • Engine Now Starts, But Stalls In Park Or Neutral
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Natural Gas Vehicles With Rough Idle
          • Idle Concerns With A/C On (3-Wire Sensor)
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
          • Additional Checks
        • Hard Start/Long Crank Or Erratic Start/Crank
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • No-Start/Normal Crank
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Engine Will Now Start & Run Normally At Part Throttle
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Slow Return To Idle
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Fast Idle Or Diesels/Runs On
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Engine Idles Fast
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Low Idle (Stalls On Deceleration)
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Stall Or Quit On Deceleration (A/T Models)
          • Low Idle With A/C On (Econoline 4.6L, 5.4L & 6.8L)
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Backfires
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Lack/Loss Of Power
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Lack/Loss Of Power (Mustang Only)
          • Lack/Loss Of Power (Supercharged Applications)
          • Lack/Loss Of Power (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC Only)
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
          • Additional Checks
        • Spark Knock
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Poor Fuel Economy
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Vehicle Fails Emissions/Emissions Compliance
        • Hissing Sound When Removing Fuel Cap
        • Excessive Fuel Odor
        • Unable To Refuel Vehicle
        • Warning Indicator Lights
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Check
          • Pickups With Power Takeoff (PTO) & MIL Concern
          • MIL Always On When Engine Is Running, No DTCs Are Present
          • TCIL Always On When Engine Is Running, No DTCs Are Present
          • MIL Inoperative (Including Bulb Check When Engine Is First Started)
          • Transmission Control Indicator (TCIL) Inoperative
          • Temperature Warning Indicator Light Or Temperature Gauge Inoperative (Models With CHT Sensor Only)
          • SIL Always On Or Inoperative
          • Fuel Cap Indicator Light Always On Or Inoperative
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Automatic Transmission Down Or Upshift, Or Engagement Concern
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Speedometer Or Tachometer Inoperative
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Tachometer Inoperative On Models With Clean Tach Output (CTO) Only
          • Speedometer/Odometer Inoperative On Models With Manual Shift On-The-Fly (MSOF) Only
          • Boost Gauge Indicates higher than normal Boost
          • Additional Checks
        • High Oil Consumption
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Electric, Hydraulic Or VISCTRONIC Cooling Fan Inoperative
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Electric, Hydraulic Or VISCTRONIC Cooling Fan(S) Always On
          • Notes
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Exhaust Smoke
          • Notes
          • Black Smoke (Rich Mixture)
          • Blue Smoke (Burning Oil)
          • White Smoke (Water In Combustion)
        • Fuel Odor
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks
        • Engine Noise
          • Notes
          • Symptom Checks
        • Climate Control (Lack Of A/C Cooling, A/C Always On Or A/C Inoperative)
          • Notes
          • Lack Of A/C Cooling Or A/C Inoperative (Mustang)
          • A/C Always On (Mustang)
          • A/C Does Not Turn Off During WOT (Mustang)
          • A/C System Concerns (All Others)
          • WACF PID Displays YES
        • Exhaust Odor (Sulfur Smell)
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks
      • INTERMITTENTS
        • Intermittent Problem Diagnosis
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Cars
        • Trucks
  • Testing & Diagnosis
    • Engine Controls - Basic Diagnostic Procedures - Except Diesel
      • Introduction
      • Preliminary Inspection & Adjustments
        • Visual Inspection
        • Mechanical Inspection
          • Compression
          • Exhaust System Backpressure
      • Fuel Systems
        • Notes
        • Preliminary Checks
        • Fuel System Pressure Release
          • Notes
          • Gasoline Engines
        • Fuel Pressure
          • Bi-Fuel & Natural Gas Vehicle Engines
          • Gasoline Engines
        • Fuel Injectors
          • Fuel Injector Resistance
          • Fuel Injector Check
        • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
      • Ignition Checks
        • Preliminary Checks
        • EDIS (DISTRIBUTORLESS) Ignition System
          • Notes
          • Spark Check
        • Ignition Coil Resistance
      • Idle Speed & Ignition Timing
        • Notes
        • Idle Mixture Adjustment
        • Ignition Timing
      • Throttle Position Sensor Adjustment
      • Summary
    • Engine Controls - Self-Diagnostics Introduction - CNG, Flex-Fuel & Gasoline
      • Introduction
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Diagnostic Formats
        • Diagnostic Trouble Codes
          • Notes
          • KOEO & KOER Self-Tests
          • Continuous Memory Codes
        • Retrieving Codes
        • Reading Codes
          • Notes
          • KOEO & KOER On-Demand Self-Test Codes
          • Pass Codes
          • Continuous Memory Codes
        • Clearing Codes
          • Notes
          • PCM Reset Procedure
          • Keep Alive Random Access Memory Reset Procedure
      • Powertrain Control Module Location
        • Aviator, BLACKWOOD, Explorer, F150 Pickup & Mountaineer
        • Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis, Marauder & Town Car
        • ECONOLINE
        • Escape & Ranger
        • Excursion & F250-550 Super-Duty Pickups
        • Expedition, Explorer Sport, Explorer Sport TRAC & Navigator
        • Focus & Mustang
        • LS & THUNDERBIRD
        • Sable, TAURUS & WINDSTAR
        • ZX2
      • Quick Test
        • Notes
        • Visual Check
        • Vehicle Preparation & Equipment Hookup
        • KOEO On-Demand Self-Test
          • Description
          • Performing Self-Test
        • KOER On-Demand Self-Test
          • Description
          • BPP, PSP & TCS Test Procedures
          • Performing Self-Test
        • Continuous Memory Self-Test
          • Description
          • Performing Self-Test
      • Additional System Functions
        • Notes
        • Parameter Identification Mode
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Accessing Generic OBD-II PIDs
          • Accessing Ford Specific PIDs
        • On-Board System Readiness Test Mode
          • Description
          • Accessing OSR Test Mode
        • Freeze Frame Data Mode
          • Description
          • Accessing Freeze Frame Data Mode PIDs
        • Diagnosing Adaptive Fuel DTCS
          • Description
          • Obtain Freeze Frame Data
          • Using LONGFT1 & LONGFT2 (Dual Bank Engines) PIDs
          • Resetting Long Term Fuel Trims
          • DTC P0171/P0174 System Too Lean Diagnostic Aids
          • DTC P0172/P0175 System Too Rich Diagnostic Aids
        • Output Test Mode
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Accessing Output Test Mode
        • Failure Mode Effects Management
        • Hardware Limited Operational Strategy
        • Engine Rpm/Vehicle Speed Limiter
      • Diagnostic Monitors
        • Description
        • Catalyst Efficiency Monitor
          • Description
          • Switch Ratio Method (1996-Later)
          • Index Ratio Method (Some 2001-Later)
          • General Catalyst Monitor Operation
        • Comprehensive Component Monitor
        • Evaporative Emission Leak Check Monitor
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION System Monitor - Differential Pressure Feedback EGR
        • Electric Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION System Monitor
        • Fuel System Monitor
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor Monitor
          • Description
          • HO2S Testing
        • Misfire Detection Monitoring
        • Secondary Air Injection System Monitor - Electric Secondary Air Injection Pump System
        • Thermostat Monitor
      • Programming Pcm
        • Powertrain Control Module Reset
          • Description
          • Resetting Keep Alive Memory (KAM)
        • Flash Electrically ERASEABLE Programmable Read Only Memory (Flash EEPROM)
          • Description
          • Programming VID Block For Replacement PCM
          • Making Changes To The VID Block
          • Making Changes To The PCM Calibration
      • Fuel System Safety Precautions
        • Gasoline System
          • Notes
          • Safe Fuel Handling Practices (Gasoline, Methanol & Methanol Blends)
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch Reset Procedure
        • Natural Gas System
          • Notes
          • Safe Fuel Handling Practices (Natural Gas)
      • Drive Cycles
        • Notes
        • OBD-II Drive Cycle Description
        • OBD-II Drive Cycle Vehicle Preparation
        • OBD-II Drive Cycle
      • Summary
      • Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
      • Pcm Connector Identification
        • Notes
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Aviator)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (BLACKWOOD)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Marauder)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (E-Series)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Escape)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Excursion & F250-F550 Super Duty)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Expedition & Navigator)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Explorer & Mountaineer)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Explorer Sport & Sport TRAC)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (F150)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Focus 2.0L)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Focus 2.3L)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (LS)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Mustang)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Ranger)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Sable & TAURUS)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (THUNDERBIRD)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (Town Car)
        • Pcm Connector End View & Pcm Connector Circuit Functions (ZX2)
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • How To Use System Tests
      • Evaporative Emissions Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
      • System Tests (Evaporative Emission)
        • Notes
        • Canister Vent Solenoid Closing Procedure
        • Evaporative Emissions System Leak Test
        • Evaporative Emission Repair Verification Drive Cycle
        • Test A: DTC P0442, P0456 Or P0457: Small Leak Detected In EVAP System
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • F150 & Focus
          • Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis, Marauder, Mustang, Town Car & ZX2
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Ranger
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
        • Test B: DTC P0455: Major Leak Or No Flow Detected In EVAP System Or DTC P1443: Very Small Or No Purge Flow Detected In EVAP System
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • Focus
          • F150
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
        • Test C: DTC P1450: Excessive Vacuum Detected In Fuel Tank
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • Focus
          • F150
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Cars
          • Crown Victoria
          • Focus
          • Grand Marquis
          • LS
          • Marauder
          • Mustang
          • Sable
          • Taurus
          • Thunderbird
          • Town Car
          • ZX2
        • Trucks
          • Aviator
          • Cab & Chassis F350 Super Duty
          • Cutaway E350 Super Duty
          • Econoline E150
          • Econoline E250
          • Econoline E350 Super Duty
          • Escape
          • Expedition
          • Explorer
          • Explorer Sport
          • Explorer Sport Trac
          • Excursion
          • E450 Super Duty
          • E550 Super Duty
          • F450 Super Duty
          • F550 Super Duty
          • Mountaineer
          • Navigator
          • Pickup F150
          • Pickup F250 Super Duty
          • Pickup F350 Super Duty
          • Ranger
          • RV Cutaway E350 Super Duty
          • Windstar
    • Engine Controls - System & Component Tests - Gasoline
      • Introduction
      • Air Induction Systems
        • Intake Air Control
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve Solenoid
      • Computerized Engine Controls
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Ground Circuits
          • Power Circuits
      • Sensors & Switches
        • Notes
        • Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor
        • Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
        • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
        • Barometric Pressure Sensor
        • Brake Pedal Applied/Brake Pedal Position Switch
        • Camshaft Position Sensor
        • Clutch Pedal Position Switch
        • Crankshaft Position Sensor
        • Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
        • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
        • Engine Oil Temperature Sensor
        • Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
        • Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor
        • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
        • Intake Air Temperature Sensor
        • Intake Air Temperature 2 Sensor (SC Only)
        • Knock Sensor
        • Mass Airflow Sensor
        • Output Shaft Speed Sensor
        • Park/Neutral Position Or Clutch Pedal Position Switch
        • Power Steering Pressure Sensor
        • Power Steering Pressure Switch
        • Reverse Switch
        • Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
        • Throttle Position Sensor
        • Transfer Case Speed Sensor
        • Transmission Control Switch
        • Vehicle Speed Sensor
      • Relays & Solenoids
        • Notes
        • Air Injection By-Pass Solenoid
        • Air Injection Diverter Solenoid
        • Canister Vent Solenoid
        • Cooling Fan Control, Fuel Pump & Pcm Power Relay
        • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
        • EVAP Canister Vent Solenoid
        • EVAP Canister Purge Valve
        • Idle Air Control Solenoid
        • Intake Manifold Runner Control Solenoid
        • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Solenoid (Ranger 2.3L Only)
        • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve Solenoid
        • Supercharger (Boost) By-Pass Solenoid
        • Variable Cam Timing Solenoid
      • Fuel Systems
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Fuel Pressure Regulator
          • Fuel Pump Relay
          • Fuel System Pressure Check
        • Fuel Control
          • Fuel Injector
      • Ignition Systems
      • Emission Systems & Sub-Systems
        • Catalytic Converter
        • Emissions Compliance
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Routines
        • Fuel Evaporation
        • Secondary Air Injection
        • EGR Systems
          • Electric Exhaust Gas Recirculation
          • Exhaust Gas Recirculation
        • Positive Crankcase Ventilation (Aviator & Mustang 4.6L)
      • Evaporative Emission System Tests
        • Notes
        • Canister Vent Solenoid Closing Procedure
        • Evaporative Emissions System Leak Test
        • Hissing Sound When Removing Fuel Cap
          • Notes
          • Aviator, Econoline, Escape, Excursion, Expedition, Explorer, Explorer Sport, Explorer Sport Trac, F250-550 Super Duty Pickup, Mountaineer, Navigator, Ranger & Windstar
          • Blackwood
          • Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis, Marauder & Town Car
          • Focus & ZX2
          • F150 Pickup
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Mustang
          • Sable & Taurus
        • Excessive Fuel Odor
          • Notes
          • Aviator, Blackwood, Econoline, Escape, Expedition, Excursion, Explorer, Explorer Sport, Explorer Sport Trac, F250-550 Super Duty Pickup, Mountaineer, Navigator, Ranger & Windstar
          • Crown Victoria, Focus, Grand Marquis, Marauder, Sable, Taurus & Town Car & ZX2
          • F150 Pickup
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Mustang
        • Unable To Refuel Vehicle
          • Notes
          • Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis, Marauder & Town Car
          • Escape
          • Focus, Ranger, Sable, Taurus & ZX2 (With ORVR Only)
          • Mustang
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Cars
        • Trucks
    • Engine Controls - System Test A Through DU - CNG, Flex-Fuel & Gasoline
      • Test A: No-Start
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test B: EEC-V Power Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test C: Reference Voltage
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DA: Temperature Sensor Test (IAT, ECT & EOT)
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Db: Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dc: Mass Airflow Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dd: Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DF: Vehicle Speed Circuit Check
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dg: Knock Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DH: Throttle Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DJ: Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DK: Electronic Throttle Control & Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DL: Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dm: Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor & Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DP: Vehicle Speed Sensor/Transfer Case Speed Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DQ: Barometric Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dr: Camshaft Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DS: Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DT: Power Steering Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DU: Intake Air Temperature 2
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - System Test DV Through JD - CNG, Flex-Fuel & Gasoline
      • Test DV: Electronic Throttle Control Throttle Position Sensor, Throttle Control Motor
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test FB: Power Take Off
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test FD: Brake Pedal Position Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ff: Power Steering Pressure Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test H: Fuel Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ha: Natural Gas Fuel Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HB: Natural Gas Fuel Delivery System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HC: Gasoline Fuel Delivery System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hd: Misfire Detection Monitor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test He: EGR System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hf: Catalyst Efficiency Monitor & Exhaust Systems
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hg: PCV System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HH: Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION System Module
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HK: Variable Cam Timing
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HM: Secondary Air Injection System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HU: Air Intake System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HX: Evaporative Emission Monitor & System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HY: Generator/Regulator System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JB: Secondary Ignition
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JD: Crankshaft Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - System Test JE Through Z - CNG, Flex-Fuel & Gasoline
      • Test JE: Integrated Ignition Coil Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JF: Integrated Ignition Coil On Plug Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JH: Tachometer Output Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KA: Fuel Pump Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kb: Fuel Pump Driver Module
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kc: Fuel Shutoff Valve Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KD: Electric Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KE: Idle Air Control Valve
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KF: Fan Control Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kg: VISCTRONIC Drive Fan Clutch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KJ: Supercharger By-Pass Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kl: Shift Indicator Light
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Km: A/C Clutch Relay & A/C Circuits
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kn: Variable Speed Electric Cooling Fan
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KP: Charge Air Cooler Pump
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KQ: Thermostat Heater Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test NB: Malfunction Indicator Light
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test NC: Ignition Engine Speed Input Circuit
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test ND: Engine Rpm/Vehicle Speed Limiter
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QA: Unable To Activate Self-Test/SCP Communication Error/DTC Not Listed
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QB: KOEO DTC P0603 Or KOEO, KOER & Continuous Memory DTC P1633
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QC: OBD-II Monitor Testing Not Complete; DTC P1000
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QD: DTC P1260
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ta: Park/Neutral Position Or Clutch Pedal Position Switches
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Tb: Transmission Control Switch/Transmission Control Indicator Lamp
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • TEST TG: 4x4 LOW RANGE
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Th: Reverse Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test TJ: Output Shaft Speed Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test X: Constant Control Relay Module
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Z: Intermittent
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - Theory & Operation - CNG, Flex-Fuel & Gasoline
      • Introduction
      • Air Induction Systems
        • Supercharger (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC & Mustang 4.6L SC)
          • Supercharger Assembly
          • Supercharger By-Pass System
          • Supercharger Intercooler (Charge Air Cooler) System
        • Variable Induction System
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control - Focus 2.0L (VIN P), Econoline & Pickup 4.2L (VIN 2) & Windstar 3.8L (VIN 4)
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Vacuum Actuated System - Ranger 2.3L (VIN D)
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve - LS, Sable & Taurus 3.0L (VIN S), Econoline & Pickup 4.6L (VIN W), & Blackwood 5.4L 4VPC (VIN A)
      • Computerized Engine Controls
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Notes
          • Hardware Limited Operation Strategy
          • Integrated Electronic Ignition System
          • Keep Alive Random Access Memory
        • Power & Ground Signals
          • Vehicle Buffered Power
          • Vehicle Power
          • Vehicle Reference Voltage
          • Mass Air Flow Return
          • Signal Return
          • Power Ground
          • Gold Plated Terminals
        • Powertrain Control Module Software
          • Engine RPM/Vehicle Speed Limiter
          • Fail-Safe Cooling Strategy
          • Failure Mode Effects Management
          • Flash Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
          • Fuel Trim
          • Idle Air Trim
          • Idle Speed Control Closed Throttle Determination
          • Multiplexing
          • Multiplexing Implementation
          • Standard Corporate Protocol
          • High Speed - Controller Area Network (HS-CAN)
        • Diagnostic Monitors
        • Constant Control Relay Module
        • Fuel Pump Driver Module
        • Generic Electronic Module
        • Natural Gas Vehicle Module
        • Input Devices
          • Notes
          • A/C Cycling Switch
          • Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
          • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
          • A/C High Pressure Switch
          • Brake Pedal Position Switch
          • Brake Pressure Applied/Brake Deactivator Switch
          • Camshaft Position Sensor
          • Clutch Pedal Position Switch
          • Crankshaft Position Sensor
          • Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
          • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR Sensor
          • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Oil Temperature Sensor
          • Fan Speed Sensor
          • Fuel Level Input
          • Fuel Pump Monitor (With Fuel Pump Driver Module)
          • Fuel Pump Monitor (Without Fuel Pump Driver Module)
          • Fuel Tank Pressure Sensor
          • Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
          • Generator Load
          • Generator Monitor
          • Heated Oxygen Sensor
          • Intake Air Temperature Sensor
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve
          • Knock Sensor
          • Mass Airflow Sensor
          • Output Shaft Speed Sensor
          • Power Steering Pressure Sensor
          • Power Steering Pressure Switch
          • Power Take-Off Switch
          • Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
          • Throttle Position Sensor
          • Transmission Control Switch
          • Vehicle Speed Sensor
          • 4x4 Mode Switch
        • Output Devices
          • Notes
          • Canister Vent Solenoid
          • Coil Pack
          • Coil On Plug
          • Electric EGR Motor System
          • EGR System Module
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
          • Electric Secondary Air Injection Pump
          • Evaporative Emission Canister Purge Valve
          • Fan Control
          • Fuel Cap Off Indicator Light
          • Fuel Injectors
          • Fuel Pump (Applications Using Fuel Pump Relay For Fuel Pump ON/OFF Control)
          • Fuel Pump Driver Module Applications & Applications With Fuel Pump Functions Incorporated In Rear Electronic Module)
          • Generator Communication
          • Idle Air Control Valve
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve
          • Malfunction Indicator Light
          • Secondary Air Injection By-Pass Solenoid
          • Solid State Relay
          • Thermostat Heater Control
          • Transmission Control Indicator Light
          • Wide Open Throttle A/C Cut-Off Relay
          • Vapor Management Valve
          • Vehicle Speed Output
          • Vistronic Drive Fan
      • Fuel Systems (Gasoline)
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Notes
          • Returnable Fuel System
          • Mechanical Returnless Fuel System
          • Electronic Returnless Fuel System
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch (All Fuel Systems)
        • Fuel Control
          • Notes
          • Fuel Injectors
      • Fuel Systems (Natural Gas)
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Notes
          • Fueling Connector
          • Fuel Lines & Fittings
          • Fuel Rail
          • Fuel Rail Shutoff Valve
          • Fuel Tank Shutoff Valve
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
          • NG Fuel Pressure Regulator
        • Fuel Control
          • Natural Gas Vehicle Module
          • NG Fuel Injectors
      • Idle Speed
        • Idle Control System
          • Idle Air Control Valve Assembly
      • Ignition Systems
        • Integrated Electronic Ignition System
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Coil Pack System
          • Coil On Plug System
      • Variable Cam Timing System
        • Variable Cam Timing
          • Description
          • Variable Cam Timing Solenoid Valve
          • Variable Cam Timing Unit Assembly
      • Catalyst & Exhaust Systems
        • Catalyst System
          • Notes
          • Catalytic Converter
          • Light Off Catalyst
          • 3-Way Catalytic Converter
          • 3-Way Catalyst Conversion Efficiency
        • Exhaust System
          • Notes
          • Hardware
          • Exhaust Manifold & Runners
          • Exhaust Pipes
          • Upstream & Downstream Heated Oxygen Sensors
          • Muffler
      • Evaporative Emission Systems
        • Fuel Evaporative Systems
        • Enhanced Evaporative Emission System
          • Notes
          • EVAP Canister Purge Valve
          • Fuel Filler Cap
        • On-Board Refueling Vapor Recovery EVAP System
        • Positive Crankcase Ventilation
      • Secondary Air Injection System
        • Description
        • Electric Secondary Air Injection System
          • Notes
          • AIR By-Pass Solenoid
          • AIR Diverter Valve
          • Electric AIR Pump
      • EGR Systems
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR System
          • Notes
          • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR Sensor (Remote Mounted)
          • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR Sensor (Tube Mounted)
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
          • EGR Valve
          • Orifice Tube Assembly
        • Electric EGR Motor System
        • EGR System Module
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Notes
        • Malfunction Indicator Light
      • Electronic Throttle Control
        • Description
        • Electronic Throttle Body
        • Accelerator Pedal Position Sensors
      • Miscellaneous Controls
        • Pcm Controlled Charging System
          • Description
          • Generator Communication
          • Generator Load
          • Generator Monitor
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Cars
        • Trucks
    • Engine Controls - Trouble Shooting - No Codes - CNG, Flex-Fuel & Gasoline
      • Introduction
      • Symptoms
        • Notes
        • Symptom Diagnosis
        • Rough Or Rolling Idle, Stalls, Misses, Hesitation Or Surge
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Engine Runs Rough At Idle
          • Engine Now Starts, But Stalls In Park Or Neutral
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Natural Gas Vehicles With Rough Idle
          • Idle Concerns With A/C On (3-Wire Sensor)
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
          • Additional Checks
        • Hard Start/Long Crank Or Erratic Start/Crank
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • No-Start/Normal Crank
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Engine Will Now Start & Run Normally At Part Throttle
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Slow Return To Idle
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Fast Idle Or Diesels/Runs On
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Engine Idles Fast
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Low Idle (Stalls On Deceleration)
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Stall Or Quit On Deceleration (A/T Models)
          • Low Idle With A/C On (Econoline 4.6L, 5.4L & 6.8L)
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Backfires
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Lack/Loss Of Power
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Lack/Loss Of Power (Mustang Only)
          • Lack/Loss Of Power (Supercharged Applications)
          • Lack/Loss Of Power (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC Only)
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
          • Additional Checks
        • Spark Knock
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Poor Fuel Economy
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Vehicle Fails Emissions/Emissions Compliance
        • Hissing Sound When Removing Fuel Cap
        • Excessive Fuel Odor
        • Unable To Refuel Vehicle
        • Warning Indicator Lights
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Check
          • Pickups With Power Takeoff (PTO) & MIL Concern
          • MIL Always On When Engine Is Running, No DTCs Are Present
          • TCIL Always On When Engine Is Running, No DTCs Are Present
          • MIL Inoperative (Including Bulb Check When Engine Is First Started)
          • Transmission Control Indicator (TCIL) Inoperative
          • Temperature Warning Indicator Light Or Temperature Gauge Inoperative (Models With CHT Sensor Only)
          • SIL Always On Or Inoperative
          • Fuel Cap Indicator Light Always On Or Inoperative
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Automatic Transmission Down Or Upshift, Or Engagement Concern
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Speedometer Or Tachometer Inoperative
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Tachometer Inoperative On Models With Clean Tach Output (CTO) Only
          • Speedometer/Odometer Inoperative On Models With Manual Shift On-The-Fly (MSOF) Only
          • Boost Gauge Indicates higher than normal Boost
          • Additional Checks
        • High Oil Consumption
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Electric, Hydraulic Or VISCTRONIC Cooling Fan Inoperative
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Electric, Hydraulic Or VISCTRONIC Cooling Fan(S) Always On
          • Notes
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Exhaust Smoke
          • Notes
          • Black Smoke (Rich Mixture)
          • Blue Smoke (Burning Oil)
          • White Smoke (Water In Combustion)
        • Fuel Odor
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks
        • Engine Noise
          • Notes
          • Symptom Checks
        • Climate Control (Lack Of A/C Cooling, A/C Always On Or A/C Inoperative)
          • Notes
          • Lack Of A/C Cooling Or A/C Inoperative (Mustang)
          • A/C Always On (Mustang)
          • A/C Does Not Turn Off During WOT (Mustang)
          • A/C System Concerns (All Others)
          • WACF PID Displays YES
        • Exhaust Odor (Sulfur Smell)
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks
      • INTERMITTENTS
        • Intermittent Problem Diagnosis
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Cars
        • Trucks
  • Theory and Operation
    • Engine Controls - Theory & Operation - CNG, Flex-Fuel & Gasoline
      • Introduction
      • Air Induction Systems
        • Supercharger (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC & Mustang 4.6L SC)
          • Supercharger Assembly
          • Supercharger By-Pass System
          • Supercharger Intercooler (Charge Air Cooler) System
        • Variable Induction System
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control - Focus 2.0L (VIN P), Econoline & Pickup 4.2L (VIN 2) & Windstar 3.8L (VIN 4)
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Vacuum Actuated System - Ranger 2.3L (VIN D)
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve - LS, Sable & Taurus 3.0L (VIN S), Econoline & Pickup 4.6L (VIN W), & Blackwood 5.4L 4VPC (VIN A)
      • Computerized Engine Controls
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Notes
          • Hardware Limited Operation Strategy
          • Integrated Electronic Ignition System
          • Keep Alive Random Access Memory
        • Power & Ground Signals
          • Vehicle Buffered Power
          • Vehicle Power
          • Vehicle Reference Voltage
          • Mass Air Flow Return
          • Signal Return
          • Power Ground
          • Gold Plated Terminals
        • Powertrain Control Module Software
          • Engine RPM/Vehicle Speed Limiter
          • Fail-Safe Cooling Strategy
          • Failure Mode Effects Management
          • Flash Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
          • Fuel Trim
          • Idle Air Trim
          • Idle Speed Control Closed Throttle Determination
          • Multiplexing
          • Multiplexing Implementation
          • Standard Corporate Protocol
          • High Speed - Controller Area Network (HS-CAN)
        • Diagnostic Monitors
        • Constant Control Relay Module
        • Fuel Pump Driver Module
        • Generic Electronic Module
        • Natural Gas Vehicle Module
        • Input Devices
          • Notes
          • A/C Cycling Switch
          • Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
          • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
          • A/C High Pressure Switch
          • Brake Pedal Position Switch
          • Brake Pressure Applied/Brake Deactivator Switch
          • Camshaft Position Sensor
          • Clutch Pedal Position Switch
          • Crankshaft Position Sensor
          • Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
          • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR Sensor
          • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Oil Temperature Sensor
          • Fan Speed Sensor
          • Fuel Level Input
          • Fuel Pump Monitor (With Fuel Pump Driver Module)
          • Fuel Pump Monitor (Without Fuel Pump Driver Module)
          • Fuel Tank Pressure Sensor
          • Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
          • Generator Load
          • Generator Monitor
          • Heated Oxygen Sensor
          • Intake Air Temperature Sensor
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve
          • Knock Sensor
          • Mass Airflow Sensor
          • Output Shaft Speed Sensor
          • Power Steering Pressure Sensor
          • Power Steering Pressure Switch
          • Power Take-Off Switch
          • Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
          • Throttle Position Sensor
          • Transmission Control Switch
          • Vehicle Speed Sensor
          • 4x4 Mode Switch
        • Output Devices
          • Notes
          • Canister Vent Solenoid
          • Coil Pack
          • Coil On Plug
          • Electric EGR Motor System
          • EGR System Module
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
          • Electric Secondary Air Injection Pump
          • Evaporative Emission Canister Purge Valve
          • Fan Control
          • Fuel Cap Off Indicator Light
          • Fuel Injectors
          • Fuel Pump (Applications Using Fuel Pump Relay For Fuel Pump ON/OFF Control)
          • Fuel Pump Driver Module Applications & Applications With Fuel Pump Functions Incorporated In Rear Electronic Module)
          • Generator Communication
          • Idle Air Control Valve
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve
          • Malfunction Indicator Light
          • Secondary Air Injection By-Pass Solenoid
          • Solid State Relay
          • Thermostat Heater Control
          • Transmission Control Indicator Light
          • Wide Open Throttle A/C Cut-Off Relay
          • Vapor Management Valve
          • Vehicle Speed Output
          • Vistronic Drive Fan
      • Fuel Systems (Gasoline)
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Notes
          • Returnable Fuel System
          • Mechanical Returnless Fuel System
          • Electronic Returnless Fuel System
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch (All Fuel Systems)
        • Fuel Control
          • Notes
          • Fuel Injectors
      • Fuel Systems (Natural Gas)
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Notes
          • Fueling Connector
          • Fuel Lines & Fittings
          • Fuel Rail
          • Fuel Rail Shutoff Valve
          • Fuel Tank Shutoff Valve
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
          • NG Fuel Pressure Regulator
        • Fuel Control
          • Natural Gas Vehicle Module
          • NG Fuel Injectors
      • Idle Speed
        • Idle Control System
          • Idle Air Control Valve Assembly
      • Ignition Systems
        • Integrated Electronic Ignition System
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Coil Pack System
          • Coil On Plug System
      • Variable Cam Timing System
        • Variable Cam Timing
          • Description
          • Variable Cam Timing Solenoid Valve
          • Variable Cam Timing Unit Assembly
      • Catalyst & Exhaust Systems
        • Catalyst System
          • Notes
          • Catalytic Converter
          • Light Off Catalyst
          • 3-Way Catalytic Converter
          • 3-Way Catalyst Conversion Efficiency
        • Exhaust System
          • Notes
          • Hardware
          • Exhaust Manifold & Runners
          • Exhaust Pipes
          • Upstream & Downstream Heated Oxygen Sensors
          • Muffler
      • Evaporative Emission Systems
        • Fuel Evaporative Systems
        • Enhanced Evaporative Emission System
          • Notes
          • EVAP Canister Purge Valve
          • Fuel Filler Cap
        • On-Board Refueling Vapor Recovery EVAP System
        • Positive Crankcase Ventilation
      • Secondary Air Injection System
        • Description
        • Electric Secondary Air Injection System
          • Notes
          • AIR By-Pass Solenoid
          • AIR Diverter Valve
          • Electric AIR Pump
      • EGR Systems
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR System
          • Notes
          • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR Sensor (Remote Mounted)
          • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR Sensor (Tube Mounted)
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
          • EGR Valve
          • Orifice Tube Assembly
        • Electric EGR Motor System
        • EGR System Module
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Notes
        • Malfunction Indicator Light
      • Electronic Throttle Control
        • Description
        • Electronic Throttle Body
        • Accelerator Pedal Position Sensors
      • Miscellaneous Controls
        • Pcm Controlled Charging System
          • Description
          • Generator Communication
          • Generator Load
          • Generator Monitor
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Cars
        • Trucks
• General Information
  • Abbreviations
    • Commonly Used Abbreviations - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "J"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "Q"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
  • Basic Trouble Shooting
    • Basic Trouble Shooting - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Accessories & Electrical
        • Charging System Trouble Shooting
        • Ignition System Trouble Shooting
        • Starter Trouble Shooting
      • Air Conditioning & Heat
        • Air Conditioning Trouble Shooting
        • Heater System Trouble Shooting
      • Brakes
        • Brake System Trouble Shooting
      • Engine Mechanical
        • Cooling System Trouble Shooting
        • Gasoline Engine - Mechanical Trouble Shooting
      • Engine Performance
        • Carburetor Trouble Shooting:
        • Diesel Engine Trouble Shooting
        • Fuel Injection Trouble Shooting
        • Ignition System Trouble Shooting
        • Starter Trouble Shooting
        • Tune-Up Trouble Shooting - Gas Engine Vehicles
        • Vacuum Pump - Diesel Trouble Shooting
      • Manual Transmission
        • Manual Transmission Trouble Shooting
      • Powertrain
        • Clutch Trouble Shooting
        • Drive Axle - Noise Diagnosis
          • Unrelated Noises
          • Non-Drive Axle Noises
          • Gear Noise
          • Chuckle
          • Knock
          • Clunk
          • Bearing Whine
          • Bearing Rumble
          • Chatter On Turns
          • Axle Shaft Noise
          • Vibration
        • Drive Axle - RWD Trouble Shooting
        • Fwd Axle Shafts & CV Joints Trouble Shooting
      • Steering & Suspension
        • Manual Steering Gear Trouble Shooting
        • Power Steering Trouble Shooting
        • Steering Column Trouble Shooting
        • Suspension Trouble Shooting
        • Wheel Alignment Trouble Shooting
    • Commonly Used Abbreviations - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "J"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "Q"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Engine Performance - Trouble Shooting - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Engine Performance
  • Brakes
    • Anti-Lock Brake Safety Precautions - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Anti-Lock Brake Safety Precautions
    • Map - Brake Systems
      • Brake Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Accelerometers
        • Accumulators
        • Anchor Pins
        • Anti-Lock Brake Control Assembly(Module)
        • Anti-Lock Brake Controller
        • Anti-Lock Brake Systems
        • Axle Seal
        • Backing Plates
        • Bleeder Screw
        • Brake Abs Active Light (Blue)
        • Brake Fluid
        • Brake Friction Material
        • Brake On - Off Switch
        • Brake Pads
        • Brake Pedals
        • Brake Shoe Hardware
        • Brake Shoes
        • Brake Stoplight Switches
        • Brake Warning Light (Amber)
        • Brake Warning Light (Red)
        • Bulb Sockets
        • Bulbs And LEDS
        • Caliper Hardware
        • Caliper Mounting Pin
        • Caliper Piston
        • Caliper Shim
        • Caliper Slider Pin (Bolt) Dust Boot
        • Caliper Slider Pin (Bolt)
        • Calipers
        • Combination Valve
        • Controllers
        • Digital Ratio Axle Controllers And Buffers (Drab And Dram)
        • Disable Switches
        • Drums
        • Electrical Brake Pumps
        • Electrical Park Motor
        • Electrical Pumps And Motors
        • Electro-Magnetic Interference
        • Electronic Brake Control Modulator
        • Electronic Brake Distribution
        • Electronic Brake Traction Control Module
        • Electronic Controllers
        • Electronic Traction Control
        • External Brake Cable
        • Flow Control Valve
        • Fluid Level Sensor Switches
        • Fluid
        • Four Wheel Drive Switches
        • Friction Material
        • G Sensors
        • Gaskets
        • Gravitational Switches
        • Grease Seal
        • Height Sensing Proportioning Valve
        • High Pressure Accumulator
        • Hoses
        • Hub
        • Hydraulic Control Unit
        • Hydraulic Modulators
        • Hydro-Boosters
        • Hydro-Electric Boosters (POWERMASTER)
        • Ignition Disable Switches
        • Lamp Driver Relay
        • Lateral Acceleration Switches
        • LEDS
        • Lenses
        • Low Pressure Accumulator
        • Lug Nut
        • Master Cylinder Cover Gasket
        • Master Cylinders
        • Modulators
        • Motor Pack
        • Motors
        • Pads
        • Parking Brake Cable
        • Parking Brake Mechanism
        • Parking Brake Shoes
        • Parking Brake Switches
        • Parking Brake Systems
        • Pedal Travel Switches
        • Pedals
        • Power Distribution Center
        • POWERMASTER
        • Pressure Differential Switches
        • Pressure Switches
        • Pressure Transducers
        • Proportioning Valve
        • Pumps
        • Relays
        • RELUCTOR (Speed) Ring
        • Rotors
        • Self-Adjusting Systems
        • Shoe Hardware
        • Shoes
        • Sockets
        • Speed Sensor (RELUCTOR) Ring
        • Speed Sensors (Electronic Wheel And Vehicle)
        • Star Wheel
        • Steel Brake Lines
        • Stoplight Switches
        • Stroke Sensor
        • Switches
        • Tires
        • Tone Ring
        • Toothed Rings (Tone Wheel)
        • Traction Control System (TCS)
        • Transfer Tubes
        • Vacuum Boosters
        • Vacuum Hoses
        • Valves
        • Wear Indicator
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
        • Wheel Cylinders
        • Wiring Harnesses
        • Yaw Rate Sensor
      • Brake System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Map - Routine Inspection Reference Guide
      • Routine Inspection Reference Guide
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Maintenance Overview
          • Antifreeze/Coolant
          • Visual Inspection
          • Radiator Cap Test
          • Engine Fan
          • Cooling System Power Flush And Refill
          • Belts (Except Timing Belts)
          • Belt TENSIONER
          • Automatic Transmission Fluid
          • Automatic Transmission Fluid Exchange & Filter Replacement
          • Engine Oil
          • Air Filters
          • Cabin Air Filter
          • Brake Fluid
          • Battery
          • Battery Cables
          • Power Steering
          • Power Steering Fluid
          • Wiper Blades
        • Routine Inspection CHECKSHEET
        • Routine Inspection - UICS
          • Brake Systems
            • Notes
            • Brake Fluid
            • Bulbs And LEDS
            • Hoses
            • Lenses
            • Lug Nut
            • Master Cylinder Cover Gasket
            • Parking Brake Cable
            • Vacuum Hoses
            • Wheel Attachment Hardware
            • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
          • Drivetrain And Transmission
            • Notes
            • Automatic Transmission Fluid
            • Clutch Master Cylinders
            • Cooler Lines
            • Coolers
            • Differential Fluid
            • Drain Plugs And Gaskets
            • Filters And Screens
            • Fluids And Lubricants
            • Hoses, Lines, And Tubes
            • Hydraulic Fluid
            • Lubricants
            • Manual Transmission Fluid
            • Mounts (Engine, Transaxle And Transmission)
            • Transfer Case Fluid
            • Vacuum Hoses
          • Electrical Systems
            • Batteries
            • Battery Cables
            • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
            • Bulbs, Sealed Beams And LEDS
            • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
            • Ground Cables And Straps
            • Ground Straps
            • Lenses
            • Sealed Beams
            • Washer Pumps
            • Wiper Arms And Blades
            • Wiper Hoses And Nozzles
            • Wiper Pump Reservoirs
          • Engine Performance And Maintenance
            • Notes
            • Accessory Belts
            • Air Filter Elements
            • Air Filter Gaskets
            • Air Filter Housings And Gaskets
            • Air Pump Belts
            • Batteries
            • Battery Connectors
            • Belt Idler Assemblies (Accessory And Cam Belts)
            • Belt TENSIONERS (Accessory And Cam Belt)
            • Chemical Engine DECARBONIZATION
            • Combustion Chamber Cleaning
            • Coolant Recovery Tanks
            • Coolant
            • Distributor Caps
            • Distributor Rotors
            • Engine Cooling Systems
            • Engine DECARBONIZATION
            • Engine Oil Drain Plugs And Gaskets
            • Engine Oil Filters And Canisters
            • Engine Oil
            • Fuel Filters
            • Fuel Injector Cleaning
            • Fuel Injectors
            • Fuel System Cleaning Service
            • Hose Clamps
            • Hose Connectors
            • Hose Couplers
            • Hoses And Tubes (Fuel Lines, Radiator, Vacuum, By-Pass, Heater, Recovery Tank And Oil Coolers)
            • Ignition Wires (Secondary)
            • Intake Cleaning
            • O2 Sensors
            • PCV Breather Elements
            • PCV Valves
            • Radiator Caps And Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
            • Spark Plugs
            • Thermostats And Housings
            • Throttle Body Cleaning
            • Timing Belts
            • Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And Connections (Non-Metallic)
          • Exhaust Systems
            • Notes
            • Exhaust And Tail Pipes
          • Heating, Ventilation And Air Conditioning Systems
            • Notes
            • Belts
            • Cabin Air Filters
            • Coolant
            • Evaporator Drain Tubes
            • Evaporator Filters
            • In-Line Filters
            • Vacuum Hoses And Tubes
          • Steering And Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels And Tires
            • Notes
            • Hydraulic Hoses
            • Power Steering Belts
            • Power Steering Fluid
            • Power Steering Hoses
            • Shock Absorbers, Strut Cartridges And Strut Assemblies
            • Strut Rods
            • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
            • Tire Pressure Sensors
            • Tires
            • Valve Stems
            • Wheel Attachment Hardware
            • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
      • Wheel & Tire Supplement
        • Notes
        • Tires
        • Mounting Tires
        • Vehicle Tire Placard
        • Tire Rotation
        • Wheel Lug Nut Torque & Clamping Force
        • Popular Tire Rotation Patterns
        • Wheels And Rims
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
        • Wheels & Tires CHECKSHEET
        • Wheel & Tire - UICS
          • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
          • Tire Pressure Sensors
          • Tires
          • Wheel Alignment
          • Wheel Attachment Hardware
          • Wheels (Rims)
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
  • Check Lists
    • Symptom Check List Worksheet - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Purpose
        • Notes
        • Why Use the Symptom Check List Worksheets?
        • Making the Worksheets a Part of Your Normal Routine
      • Symptom Check List Worksheets
        • Condensed Version - All On One Page
        • Full Version - All On Four Pages
        • Individual System-Based Check Lists
  • Computer Relearn Procedures
    • Control Module Programming
      • Notes
      • Programmable Module Installation Procedure
    • Programming Powertrain Control Module (All Models)
      • Notes
      • Powertrain Control Module Reset
        • Description
        • Resetting Keep Alive Memory (KAM)
      • Flash Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (Flash EEPROM)
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Programming VID Block For Replacement PCM
        • Making Changes To The VID Block
        • Making Changes To The PCM Calibration
  • OBD-II Drive Cycles
    • 1996-99 Gasoline Models (Except Villager)
      • Introduction
      • Vehicle Preparation for OBD-II or Monitor Repair Verification Drive Cycle
      • OBD-II Drive Cycle
      • Monitor Repair Verification Drive Cycles
    • 1996 Villager
      • OBD-II Drive Cycle Test Procedure
      • Misfire Detection Repair Verification Drive Cycle
    • 1997-99 Villager
      • OBD-II Drive Cycle
    • 2000-04 Gasoline Models
      • Introduction
      • Drive Cycle Recommendations
      • Drive Cycle Procedures
    • 2005-09 Gasoline Models
      • Description of On Board Diagnostic (OBD) Drive Cycle
        • Notes
        • Drive Cycle Recommendations
    • 2010-12 Gasoline Models (Except Fiesta)
      • Description of On Board Diagnostic (OBD) Drive Cycle
      • Drive Cycle Recommendations
    • 2011-12 Fiesta
      • Description of On Board Diagnostic (OBD) Drive Cycle
      • Drive Cycle Recommendations
    • 2003-07 6.0L Diesel
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle Procedure:
    • 2008-10 6.4L Diesel
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle Procedure:
    • 2011-12 6.7L Diesel
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle Procedure
    • 1996-03 7.3L Diesel
      • Description
      • Performing Drive Cycle
    • 2005-09 Hybrid
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle Recommendations
    • 2005-12 Escape Hybrid
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle
    • 2011-12 Fusion Hybrid
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle Recommendations
  • Driveline/Axles
    • Drive Axle Noise Diagnosis - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Unrelated Noises
      • Non-Drive Axle Noises
      • Gear Noise
      • Chuckle
      • Knock
      • Clunk
      • Bearing Whine
      • Bearing Rumble
      • Chatter On Turns
      • Axle Shaft Noise
      • Vibration
    • Gear Tooth Contact Patterns - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Inspection
        • Notes
        • Gear Tooth Contact Pattern
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Gear Backlash & Pinion Shim Changes
    • Map - Drive Train & Transmission
      • Drive Train & Transmission Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Drivetrain And Transmission
        • Notes
        • Actuators (Electrical)
        • Actuators (Vacuum)
        • Automatic Transmission / Transaxle Assemblies/CVTS
        • Automatic Transmission Fluid
        • Axles
        • Bearings And Races
        • Bell Cranks
        • Bell Housings
        • Bushings (External)
        • Cables (Speedometer)
        • Cables (TV, Detent And Shift)
        • Carrier Bearings
        • Clutch Cables And Cable Housings
        • Clutch Discs (Manual Transmissions)
        • Clutch Forks
        • Clutch Linkages (Mechanical)
        • Clutch Master Cylinders
        • Clutch Pedals
        • Clutch Pivots
        • Clutch Pressure Plates
        • Clutch Release Bearings
        • Clutch Slave Cylinders (Concentric)
        • Clutch Slave Cylinders (Conventional Or External)
        • Companion Flanges
        • Connectors
        • Cooler Bypass Valves
        • Cooler Lines
        • Coolers
        • CV Joints
        • Differential And Final Drive Assemblies
        • Differential Fluid
        • Dip Stick Tubes
        • Dip Sticks (Fluid Level Indicators)
        • Dowel Pins, Guides And Pilot Holes
        • Drain Plugs And Gaskets
        • Drive Shaft Flanges
        • Drive Shafts And Half Shafts
        • Dust Boots
        • Engine Mounts
        • Exciter Rings
        • Filler Tubes
        • Filters And Screens
        • Flanges
        • Flex Plates
        • Fluid Level Indicators
        • Fluids And Lubricants
        • Flywheels
        • Force Motors
        • Gaskets
        • Guides
        • Half Shafts
        • Hoses, Lines, And Tubes
        • Housings (Bell, Case, Tail(Extension) And Auxiliary)
        • Hydraulic Fluid
        • Intermediate Shaft Support Bearings
        • Key Interlock Systems
        • Limited Slips
        • Lines
        • Linkages (External)
        • Locking Hub Assemblies
        • Locking Hub Control Knobs
        • Lubricants
        • Manual Transmission Fluid
        • Manual Transmission/Transaxle Assemblies
        • Metal Clad Seals
        • METALASTIC Joints
        • Modulator Pins
        • Modulators
        • Mounts (Engine, Transaxle And Transmission)
        • Odometer Drives (Mechanical)
        • Odometer Heads (Mechanical)
        • Oil Pans
        • Pans
        • Pilot Holes
        • Pressure Plates
        • Pressure Switches
        • Races
        • Rubber Joints (METALASTIC)
        • Screens
        • Seals (Metal Clad)
        • Seals
        • Selector Interlock Systems
        • Sensors
        • Servos
        • Shift Interlock Systems (Selector And Key Interlock Systems)
        • Side Covers
        • Slip Yokes
        • Solenoids
        • Speed Sensors (Electronic Wheel And Vehicle)
        • Speedometer- Driven Gear Housing
        • Speedometer/Odometer Drives (Mechanical)
        • Speedometer/Odometer Heads (Mechanical)
        • Speedometers/Odometers (Electronic)
        • Switches
        • Tone Wheels
        • Toothed Rings (Tone Wheel)
        • Torque Converters
        • Transaxle Mounts
        • Transducers (Transmission)
        • Transfer Case Assemblies
        • Transfer Case Fluid
        • Transmission Coolers
        • Transmission Mounts
        • Transmission Pans
        • Transmission Range Indicators (PRNDL)
        • Tubes
        • Universal Joints (CARDAN Or Cross Type)
        • Vacuum Controls
        • Vacuum Hoses
        • Vacuum Motors
        • Vacuum-Operated Switches
        • Vehicle Speed Sensors
        • Vents
        • Vibration Dampers
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Speed Sensors
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
        • Yokes And Slip Yokes
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Trouble Shooting - Clutches - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • All Models
  • DTC Index
    • A/C-Heater Systems DTCS
    • Air Bag Restraint Systems DTCS
    • Anti-Lock Brakes DTCS
    • Anti-Theft Systems DTCS
    • Automatic Transmission Electronic Controls (5R44E & 5R55E) Diagnosis DTCS
    • Evaporative Emissions DTCS
    • Instrument Panels DTCS
      • Instrument Panels Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) List
      • Instrument Panels (4WD Control Module) Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) List
    • Lighting DTCS
    • MULTIFUNCTION Electronic Modules DTCS
    • Power Door Locks & Remote Keyless Entry Systems DTCS
    • Power Windows DTCS
    • Self-Diagnostics DTCS
    • Steering Column Switches DTCS
    • Transfer Case DTCS
    • Wiper/Washer Systems DTCS
  • Electrical
    • Entertainment System - General Information
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Audio System
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
            • Notes
            • Speaker Walk-Around Test - M100 AM/FM
            • Speaker Walk-Around Test - M100 AM/FM Single Compact Disk Audio Unit
            • Speaker Walk-Around Test-Tremor 2 Audio Unit, DM100i, CDX6, & M100 AM/FM Single Compact Disk Audio Unit
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Audio Unit Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test B: Poor Reception
            • Pinpoint Test C: Continuous Seek/Scan In Am/Fm
            • Pinpoint Test D: Poor Quality Sound From One Or More Speakers (Not All Speakers)
            • Pinpoint Test E: Poor Quality Sound From All Speakers
            • Pinpoint Test F: No Sound From One Or More Of The Speakers (Not All Speakers)
            • Pinpoint Test G: No Sound From All Of The Speakers
            • Pinpoint Test H: No Sound From One Or More Of The Speakers (Not All Speakers)-Tremor 2
            • Pinpoint Test I: No Sound From All Of The Speakers-Tremor 2
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Subwoofer Is Inoperative-Tremor 2
            • Pinpoint Test K: Loud Popping Sound When Cycling The Ignition Switch-Tremor 2
    • Map - Electrical Systems
      • Electrical Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Actuator Motors (Electric)
        • Actuator Motors (Vacuum)
        • Air Bags
        • Alternators And Generators
        • Amplifiers
        • Antennas
        • Batteries
        • Battery Cables, Wires And Connectors
        • Battery Cables
        • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
        • Battery Wires
        • Belts
        • Bulb Sockets
        • Bulbs, Sealed Beams And LEDS
        • Cd Players
        • Cigarette Lighter Assemblies
        • Circuit Breakers
        • Clutch Switches
        • Connectors
        • Control Modules
        • Cruise Control Brake Switches
        • Cruise Control Cables
        • Cruise Control Clutch Switches
        • Cruise Control Linkages And Cables
        • Cruise Control Reservoirs
        • Cruise Control Tubes
        • Cruise Control Vacuum Dump Release Valves
        • Cruise Control Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And
        • Cruise Control Vehicle Speed Sensors
        • Defoggers
        • Defrosters
        • Delays
        • Dimmers
        • Electric Heaters
        • Equalizers
        • Fuse Blocks
        • Fuse Boxes And Blocks
        • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
        • Fusible Links
        • Gauges
        • Generators
        • Ground Cables And Straps
        • Ground Straps
        • Headlight Adjusters
        • Heating Elements (Defrosters, Defoggers, Electric Heaters And Seats)
        • Horns And Sirens
        • Ignition Switches
        • Indicator Lights
        • Keyless Entry Keypads And Transmitters
        • Keyless Entry Transmitters
        • LEDS
        • Lenses
        • Microphones
        • Mirrors (ELECTROCHROMATIC And Heated)
        • Motors
        • Neutral Safety Switches
        • Odometers, Speedometers And Tachometers (Cable Driven)
        • Odometers
        • Power Distribution Center
        • Pulleys
        • Receivers, Amplifiers, Equalizers And Sub-Woofer Volume Controls
        • Relay Boxes
        • Relays
        • Sealed Beams
        • Seat Heaters
        • Security Alarm Sensors
        • Sirens
        • Solenoids
        • Speakers And Microphones
        • Speedometer And Tachometer Linkages And Cables
        • Speedometer Cables
        • Speedometers
        • Starters
        • Sub-Woofer Volume Control
        • Switches
        • Tachometer Cables
        • Tachometers
        • Tape Players And Cd Players
        • TENSIONERS
        • Timers
        • Transceivers
        • Transducers
        • Vacuum Accumulators (Reservoirs)
        • Voltage Regulators
        • Washer Fluid Level Senders
        • Washer Pumps
        • Wiper Arms And Blades
        • Wiper Blades
        • Wiper Hoses And Nozzles
        • Wiper Linkages
        • Wiper Nozzles
        • Wiper Pump Reservoirs
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Battery, Starting & Charging System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
  • Engine
    • Engine Overhaul Procedures - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Description
      • Engine Identification
      • Inspection Procedures
        • * Please Read This First *
        • General
        • Magnetic Particle Inspection
          • Notes
          • Magnaflux & Magnaglo
        • Penetrant Inspection
          • Notes
          • Zyglo
          • Dye Check
        • Ultrasonic Inspection
        • X-Ray Inspection
        • Pressure Testing
      • Cleaning Procedures
        • * Please Read This First *
        • General
        • Bead Blasting
        • Chemical Cleaning
      • Component Cleaning
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Sheet Metal Parts
        • Intake & Exhaust Manifolds
      • Cylinder Head Replacement
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Removal
        • Installation
        • Valve Adjustment
      • Cylinder Head Overhaul
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Cylinder Head Disassembly
        • Cylinder Head Cleaning & Inspection
        • Valve Springs
        • Valve Guide
          • Notes
          • Measuring Valve Guide Clearance
          • Reaming Valve Guide
          • Replacing Valve Guide
        • Valves & Valve Seats
          • Notes
          • Valve Grinding
          • Valve Lapping
          • Valve Seat Grinding
          • Valve Seat Replacement
          • Valve Seat Concentricity
        • Cylinder Head Reassembly
          • Notes
          • Valve Stem Installed Height
        • Valve Stem Oil Seals
          • Notes
          • Replacement (On-Vehicle)
        • Valve Spring Installed Height
        • Rocker Arms & Assemblies
          • Notes
          • Rocker Studs
          • Rocker Arms & Shafts
        • Push Rods
        • Lifters
          • Notes
          • Hydraulic Lifters
          • Mechanical Lifters
      • Pistons, Connecting Rods & Bearings
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Ridge Removal
        • Piston & Connecting Rod Removal
        • Piston & Connecting Rod
          • Notes
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning
          • Inspection
        • Piston & Cylinder Bore Fit
        • Assembling Piston & Connecting Rod
        • Checking Piston Ring Clearances
        • Piston & Connecting Rod Installation
        • Connecting Rod Side Clearance
        • Main & Connecting Rod Bearing Clearance
          • Notes
          • Plastigage Method
          • Micrometer & Telescopic Gauge Method
      • Crankshaft & Main Bearings
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Removal
        • Cleaning & Inspection
        • Installation
        • Crankshaft End Play
          • Notes
          • Dial Indicator Method
          • Feeler Gauge Method
        • Cylinder Block
          • Notes
          • Block Cleaning
          • Block Inspection
          • Cylinder Bore Inspection
          • Cylinder Honing
          • Deck Warpage
          • Deck Height
          • Main Bearing Bore & Alignment
          • Expansion Plug Removal
          • Expansion Plug Installation
          • Oil Gallery Plug Removal
          • Oil Gallery Plug Installation
      • Camshaft
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Cleaning & Inspection
        • Camshaft Bearings
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Camshaft Installation
        • Camshaft End Play
      • Timing Chains & Belts
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Timing Chains
        • Timing Belts
        • Tension Adjustment
      • Timing Gears
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Timing Gear Backlash & RUNOUT
        • Rear Main Oil Seal Installation
          • Notes
          • One-Piece Type Seal
          • Rope Type Seal
          • Split-Rubber Type Seal
      • Oil Pump
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Rotor Type
        • Gear Type
      • Break-In Procedure
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Engine Pre-Oiling
        • Initial Start-Up
        • Camshaft
        • Piston Rings
        • Final Adjustments
    • Engine Systems General Information
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Engine
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Engine
          • Notes
          • Inspection and Verification
        • Symptom Chart
          • Notes
          • Component Tests
            • Engine Oil Leaks
            • Engine Oil Leaks-Fluorescent Oil Additive Method
            • Leakage Points-Underhood
            • Leakage Points-Under Engine-With Vehicle on Hoist
            • Leakage Points-With Transmission and Flywheel Removed
          • Compression Test-Compression Gauge Check
            • Notes
            • Compression Test-Test Results
            • Compression Test-Interpreting Compression Readings
          • Cylinder Leakage Detection
          • Oil Consumption Test
          • Intake Manifold Vacuum Test
            • Notes
            • Intake Manifold Vacuum Test-Interpreting Vacuum Gauge Readings
          • Excessive Engine Oil Consumption
            • Notes
            • Oil Pressure Test
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off-Valve Cover Removed
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Rocker Arm
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Camshaft Roller Followers and Hydraulic Lash Adjusters, Overhead Camshaft
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Camshaft-Engines
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Push Rods
          • Valve Train Analysis-Valve Springs
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Valve Spring Retainer and Valve Spring Retainer Keys
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Valves and Cylinder Head
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Running
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Running, Valves and Cylinder Head
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Running, Camshaft Lobe Lift-OHC Engines
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Running, Camshaft Lobe Lift-Push Rod Engine
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Running, Valve Tappet
      • General Procedures
        • Sprockets
        • Rocker Arms - Cleaning
        • Rocker Arms - Inspection
        • Push Rods - Cleaning
        • Push Rods - Inspection
        • Camshaft Journal - Diameter
        • Camshaft Journal - Clearance, Push Rod Engines, Micrometer Method
        • Camshaft Journal - Clearance, Plastigage Method
        • Camshaft End Play - Push Rod Engines
        • Camshaft End Play - OHC Engines
        • Camshaft - Lobe Surface
        • Camshaft Lobe Lift
        • Camshaft Runout
        • Crankshaft Main Bearing Journal - Diameter
        • Crankshaft Main Bearing Journal - Taper
        • Crankshaft Main Bearing Journal - Clearance
        • Crankshaft End Play
        • Crankshaft Runout
        • Crankshaft - Connecting Rod Journal Taper, Out of Round
        • Cylinder Bore - Taper
        • Cylinder Bore - Out-of-Round
        • Piston Inspection
        • Piston - Pin to Bore Diameter
        • Piston - Diameter
        • Piston - to Cylinder Bore Clearance
        • Piston - Selection
        • Piston - Ring End Gap
        • Piston - Ring-to-Groove Clearance
        • Piston - Pin Diameter
        • Connecting Rod - Cleaning
        • Connecting Rod - Large End Bore
        • Connecting Rod - Bushing Diameter
        • Connecting Rod - Bend
        • Connecting Rod - Twist
        • Connecting Rod - Piston Pin Side Clearance
        • Connecting Rod - Bearing Journal Clearance
        • Connecting Rod - Side Clearance
        • Roller Follower - Inspection
          • Push rod engines
          • OHC engines
        • Valve Tappet - Inspection
          • Push rod engines
          • OHC engines
        • Valve - Stem Diameter
        • Valve Stem to Valve Guide Clearance
        • Valve - Inspection
        • Valve - Guide Inner Diameter
        • Valve - Guide Reaming
        • Valve - Spring Installed Length
        • Valve - Spring Free Length
        • Valve - Spring Squareness
        • Valve Spring Strength
        • Valve - Seat Inspection
        • Valve - Seat Width
        • Valve - Seat Runout
        • Cylinder Head - Distortion
        • Cylinder Bore - Cleaning
        • Cylinder Block Core Plug Replacement
          • Notes
          • Cup-Type
          • Expansion-Type
        • Spark Plug Hole Thread Repair
        • Spark Plug - Inspection
        • Exhaust Manifold - Inspection
        • Bearing - Inspection
    • General Cooling System Service - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Description
      • Maintenance
        • Draining
        • Flushing
          • Notes
          • Radiator
          • Engine Block
        • Refilling
      • Testing
        • Thermostat
        • Pressure Testing
          • Notes
          • Radiator Cap
          • Cooling System
  • Engine Performance
    • Electrostatic Discharge Warning - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Introduction
      • Handling Static-Sensitive Circuits/Devices
      • Checking Static-Sensitive Circuits/Devices
    • Engine Performance Diagnostic Routine Outline - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Where Does DRIVEABILITY Diagnosis Start?
        • Perform Basic Inspection
        • Check For Trouble Codes
        • Diagnose Symptom
        • Test System
    • Engine Performance Safety Precautions
      • Engine Performance Safety Precautions
    • Map - Engine Performance & Maintenance
      • Engine Performance And Maintenance (Including Exhaust Systems)
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Engine Performance & Maintenance CHECKSHEET
      • Engine Performance And Maintenance
        • Notes
        • Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor
        • Accessory Belts
        • Accessory Pulleys
        • Air Conditioning Cycling Switches
        • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensors
        • Air Ducts And Tubes
        • Air Filter Elements
        • Air Filter Gaskets
        • Air Filter Housings And Gaskets
        • Air Fuel Ratio Sensors
        • Air Injection Control Solenoids
        • Air Plenums
        • Air Pump Belts
        • Air Pumps (Electric Driven)
        • Air Tubes
        • Aspirator, Check And DECEL Valves
        • Baffles
        • Ballast Primary Supply Resistor Wires
        • Ballast Resistors And Primary Supply Resistors
        • Barometric Pressure Sensors
        • Batteries
        • Battery Cables, Wires And Connectors
        • Battery Connectors
        • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
        • Battery Wires
        • Belt Idler Assemblies (Accessory And Cam Belts)
        • Belt TENSIONERS (Accessory And Cam Belt)
        • Belt-Driven Air Pumps
        • Boost Control Mechanism
        • Camshaft Position Sensors
        • Carburetors And Chokes
        • Casting Core Plugs And Expansion Plugs
        • Charge Air Coolers ""INTERCOOLERS"" (CAC)
        • Check Valves
        • Chemical Engine DECARBONIZATION
        • Chokes
        • Clutch Pedal Position Switches
        • Cold Start Injectors
        • Combustion Chamber Cleaning
        • Connectors
        • Coolant Recovery Tanks
        • Coolant
        • Cooling Fan Motor Modules
        • Cooling Fan Motor Relays And Modules
        • Cooling Fan Motor Resistors
        • Cooling Fan Motor Sensors And Switches
        • Cooling Fan Motor Switches
        • Cooling Fan Motors
        • Crankshaft Position Sensors
        • Cylinder Deactivation Solenoid
        • Cylinder Head Assemblies
        • DECEL Valves
        • Deflectors
        • Dip Stick Tubes
        • Dip Sticks And Tubes
        • Distributor Advances And Retarders (Mechanical And Vacuum)
        • Distributor Boots And Shields
        • Distributor Caps
        • Distributor Retarders (Mechanical And Vacuum)
        • Distributor Rotors
        • Distributor Shields
        • Distributors
        • Early Fuel Evaporation Valves (Heat Riser Assemblies)
        • EGR Coolers
        • EGR Exhaust Manifold Passages
        • EGR Intake And Exhaust Manifold Passages
        • EGR Plates And Coolers
        • Electronic Spark Control Modules
        • Electronic Transmission Control Devices
        • Electronic Transmission Feedback Devices
        • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensors
        • Engine Cooling Systems
        • Engine Covers (Oil Pan, Valve Cover, Timing Cover)
        • Engine DECARBONIZATION
        • Engine Oil Canisters
        • Engine Oil Coolers (External)
        • Engine Oil Drain Plugs And Gaskets
        • Engine Oil Filters And Canisters
        • Engine Oil Gaskets
        • Engine Oil Pressure Gauges (Mechanical)
        • Engine Oil
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canister Filters
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canister Purge Devices
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canisters
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Feedback Devices
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Devices
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Feedback Devices
        • Expansion Plugs
        • Fan Control Sensor
        • Fuel Accumulators And Dampers
        • Fuel And Cold Start Injectors
        • Fuel Caps
        • Fuel Dampers
        • Fuel Delivery Check Valves
        • Fuel Distributors (BOSCH Cis)
        • Fuel Filler Necks And RESTRICTORS
        • Fuel Filters
        • Fuel Injector Cleaning
        • Fuel Injectors
        • Fuel Level Senders
        • Fuel Pressure Regulators
        • Fuel Pumps (In-Tank, External, Electrical Or Mechanical)
        • Fuel Rails
        • Fuel RESTRICTORS
        • Fuel System Cleaning Service
        • Fuel Tanks
        • Fuel
        • Gaskets
        • Grommets (Valve Cover)
        • Harmonic Dampers
        • Heater Control Valves
        • Heater Cores
        • Hose Clamps
        • Hose Connectors
        • Hose Couplers
        • Hoses And Tube Couplers, Connectors And Clamps
        • Hoses And Tubes (Fuel Lines, Radiator, Vacuum, By-Pass, Heater, Recovery Tank And Oil Coolers)
        • Housings
        • Idle Air Controls
        • Idle Speed Control Actuators
        • Ignition Boots
        • Ignition Coil Towers
        • Ignition Coils
        • Ignition Control Modules (ICM)
        • Ignition Switches
        • Ignition Terminals
        • Ignition Wires (Secondary)
        • Inertia Fuel Shut-Off Switches
        • Intake Air Temperature Sensors
        • Intake Cleaning
        • Intake Manifolds
        • In-Tank Fuel Strainers
        • INTERCOOLERS
        • Knock Sensors
        • Liquid Vapor Separators
        • Long Block Assemblies
        • Manifold Absolute Pressure (Map) Sensors
        • Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensors
        • Metal Air Manifolds And Pipes
        • Metal Air Pipes
        • Mix Control Solenoids
        • Motor Mounts
        • O2 Sensors
        • Oil Pans
        • Oil Pressure Sending Units
        • Oil Pump Pick-Up Screens
        • Oil Pumps
        • O-Rings, Gaskets, Seals And Spring Locks
        • Park Neutral Position Switches
        • PCV Breather Elements
        • PCV Orifices
        • PCV Valves
        • Pick-Up Assemblies (Includes Magnetic, Hall Effect And Optical)
        • Power Steering Pressure Sensors
        • Powertrain Control Modules (Pcm) And Prom
        • Powertrain Control Prom
        • Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
        • Radiator / Cooling Fan Blades
        • Radiator / Cooling Fan Clutches
        • Radiator Caps And Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
        • Radiators
        • Roll Over Valves
        • Sealing Compounds
        • Seals
        • Secondary Air Injection System Management Devices
        • Sensors
        • Short Block Assemblies
        • Shrouds, Baffles And Deflectors
        • Spark Plugs
        • Spring Locks
        • Super Chargers
        • Switches
        • Thermal Vacuum Valves
        • Thermostatic Air Door Assemblies
        • Thermostats And Housings
        • Throttle Bodies
        • Throttle Body Cleaning
        • Throttle Cables
        • Throttle Linkages And Cables
        • Throttle Position Sensors
        • Throttle Position Switches
        • Timing Belt Sprockets
        • Timing Belts
        • Timing Covers
        • Torque Struts
        • Transmission Range Switches
        • Tube Clamps
        • Tube Connectors
        • Tube Couplers
        • Tubes
        • Turbo Chargers
        • Vacuum Connections
        • Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And Connections (Non-Metallic)
        • Vacuum Regulator Solenoids
        • Vacuum Tubes
        • Valve Covers
        • Vehicle Speed Senors
        • Volume Air Flow Sensors
        • Waste Gate And Boost Control Mechanisms
        • Waste Gate Control Solenoids
        • Water Pumps (Electric)
        • Water Pumps (Non-Electric)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Parasitic Load Explanation & Test Procedures - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • General Information
      • Testing For Parasitic Load
        • Notes
        • CHRYSLER Ignition Off Draw (IOD) Test
        • Test Procedure Using Test Switch
        • Intermittent Parasitic Load Problems
        • Diode Check & Solenoid Test
        • Quad Driver Test
    • State Emission Standards - Diesel
      • ARIZONA
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • IDAHO
      • KENTUCKY
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • New YORK
      • OHIO
      • RHODE Island
      • UTAH
      • WASHINGTON
    • State Emission Standards - Gas
      • ALASKA
      • ARIZONA
      • CALIFORNIA
        • California Emission Standards ASM Tests
        • Legend
        • Pass/Fail Emission Standards = A+B / VTW
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • DELAWARE
      • District Of COLUMBIA
      • GEORGIA
      • IDAHO
      • ILLINOIS
      • INDIANA
      • KENTUCKY
      • MARYLAND
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • MISSOURI
      • NEVADA
      • New Jersey
      • New MEXICO
      • New YORK
      • North CAROLINA
      • OHIO
      • OREGON
      • PENNSYLVANIA
      • RHODE Island
      • TENNESSEE
      • TEXAS
      • UTAH
      • VIRGINIA
      • WASHINGTON
      • WISCONSIN
      • U. S. EPA ASM2525 & ASM5015 Start-Up Emission Standards
      • U. S. EPA Revised Final ASM Emission Standards (ASM5015 & ASM2525)
      • U.S. EPA Im240 Emission Standards
        • Start-Up Standards
        • Final Standards
    • Waveforms - Injector Pattern Tutorial - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Purpose Of This Article
        • Notes
        • Scope Of This Article
      • Is A Lab Scope Necessary?
        • Introduction
        • Overview Of NOID Light
          • Notes
          • Use the Right Noid Light
        • Overview Of DVOM
          • Notes
          • Checking Injector Resistance
          • Checking Available Voltage At the Injector
          • Checking Injector On-Time With Built-In Function
          • Checking Injector On-Time With Dwell Or Duty
          • How A Duty Cycle Meter and Dwell Meter Work
          • Strengths of Dwell/Duty Meter
          • Weaknesses of Dwell/Duty Meter
      • The Two Types Of Injector Drivers
        • Notes
        • Overview
        • Voltage Controlled Circuit ("Saturated Switch")
        • Current Controlled Circuit ("Peak & Hold")
      • The Two Ways Injector Circuits Are Wired
      • Interpreting Injector Waveforms
        • Notes
        • Interpreting A Voltage Controlled Pattern
        • Interpreting A Current Controlled Pattern
      • Current Waveform Samples
        • Notes
        • Example #1 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #2 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #3 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #4 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #5 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #6 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #7 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #8 - Current Controlled Driver
      • Voltage Waveform Samples
        • Notes
        • Example #1 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #2 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #3 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #4 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #5 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #6 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #7 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #8 - Current Controlled Driver
  • Map - Exhaust Systems
    • Exhaust Systems
      • Notes
      • Map Standards Of Service
      • The Map Process - Overview
      • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Catalytic Converters
      • Exhaust And Tail Pipes
      • Exhaust Connections
      • Hangers
      • Heat Risers (Mechanical EFE Devices)
      • Heat Shields
      • Manifolds (Cast And Tube Type)
      • Mechanical EFE Devices
      • Muffler Valve
      • Mufflers And Resonators
    • Reason Code Explanation
  • Heating, Ventilation & A/C (HVAC)
    • HVAC Control System - General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Climate Control System
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
          • Heat Transfer
          • Latent Heat of Vaporization
          • Relative Humidity
          • Effects of Pressure on Boiling or Condensation
          • Compressor Anti-Slugging Strategy
          • The Refrigerant Cycle
          • System Airflow Description - Manual Climate Control
            • Max A/C
            • A/C
            • Panel
            • Off
            • Panel/Floor
            • Floor
            • Floor/Defrost
            • Defrost
          • Climate Control System Electrical Components
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Climate Control System
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Vacuum Schematic - Manual Climate Control System
          • Vacuum Connector End View- Manual A/C
        • Vacuum Application Chart-Manual A/C
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Powertrain Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code Index
        • Symptom Chart
          • Climate Control System
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Incorrect/Erratic Direction Of Airflow From Outlet(S)
            • Pinpoint Test B: Insufficient, Erratic, Or No Heat
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Air Conditioning (A/C) Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Air Conditioning (A/C) Is Always On
            • Pinpoint Test E: No Operation In All The Temperature Settings
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Blower Motor Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Blower Motor Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test H: No Operation In High Blower Setting
        • Component Tests
          • Heater Core
            • Notes
            • Heater Core-Plugged
            • Heater Core-Pressure Test
            • Heater Core-Bench Test
          • A/C Evaporator/Condenser Core-On-Vehicle Leak Test
          • A/C Compressor-External Leak Test
      • General Procedures
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Check - Retail Procedure
          • Notes
          • Visual inspection
        • Spring Lock Coupling
          • Notes
          • Disconnect
          • Cleaning
          • Connect
        • Air Conditioning Line (Peanut) Fitting
          • Disconnect
          • Connect
        • Refrigerant System Tests
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) Clutch Air Gap Adjustment
        • Manifold Gauge Set Connection
        • Electronic Leak Detection
        • Tracer Dye Leak Detection
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Flushing
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Recovery, Evacuation & Charging
          • Notes
          • Refrigerant System Recovery
          • Refrigerant System Evacuation
          • Refrigerant System Charging
        • Refrigerant System Filtering Following Air Conditioning (A/C) Component Installation
        • Refrigerant Oil Adding
        • Inspection & Assembly Requirements - Following an A/C Compressor Failure
        • Refrigerant Identification Testing
        • Contaminated Refrigerant Handling
        • Vacuum Hose Repair - Mini-Tube
    • Map - Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning
      • Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Accumulators
        • Actuators (Electrical)
        • Actuators (Vacuum)
        • Air Conditioning Fittings
        • Air Conditioning Hoses
        • Air Conditioning Metal Lines
        • Air Control Doors
        • Air Dams (External)
        • Air Distribution System
        • Belts
        • Blend Doors
        • Blower Fans (Blower Wheel Or Squirrel Cage)
        • Blower Motors
        • Blower Resistors
        • Blower Switches
        • Cabin Air Filters
        • Circuit Breakers
        • Compressor Clutch Assemblies
        • Compressors
        • Condenser Air Seals
        • Condenser Fan Motors
        • Condensers
        • Connectors
        • Control Cables
        • Control Heads (Function Selectors)
        • Control Linkages
        • Control Modules
        • Coolant
        • Cooling Fan Blades
        • Cooling Fan Clutches
        • Cooling Fan Motors
        • Evaporator Drain Tubes
        • Evaporator Filters
        • Evaporator Pressure Regulators (EPRS)
        • Evaporators
        • Expansion Valves
        • Function Selectors
        • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
        • Fusible Links
        • Gaskets
        • Heater Cases
        • Heater Control Valves
        • Heater Cores
        • Heater Hoses
        • High Pressure Relief Valves (HPRV)
        • Idlers
        • In-Line Filters
        • Metal Fittings
        • Metal Lines
        • Mix And Air Control Doors (Blend Doors)
        • ORIFACE Tubes
        • O-Rings
        • Pilot-Operated Absolutes (POAS)
        • Plenums
        • Pressure Control Valves
        • Pressure Sensors
        • Pulleys
        • Radiators
        • Receiver-DRIERS
        • Refrigerant Oil
        • Refrigerant
        • Relays
        • Seals
        • Service Ports
        • Spring Lock Couplings
        • Suction Throttling Valves (STVS)
        • Switches (Electrical)
        • TENSIONERS
        • Thermistors And Pressure Sensors
        • Thermostats And Housings
        • Vacuum Hoses And Tubes
        • Vacuum Reservoirs
        • Vacuum Tubes
        • Valves In Receiver (VIRS)
        • Water Pumps (Electric Auxiliary)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
  • Identification
    • CANADIAN Model Cross-Reference
      • * Please Read This First *
      • ACURA
      • ASUNA
      • AUDI
      • BMW
      • CHRYSLER Corp.
        • CHRYSLER
        • Dodge
        • Eagle
        • PLYMOUTH
      • General Motors
        • BUICK
        • CHEVROLET
        • GMC
        • OLDSMOBILE
        • Optima
        • PONTIAC
      • HYUNDAI
      • Jaguar
      • KIA
      • MAZDA
      • MERCEDES-BENZ
      • Mercury
      • MERKUR
      • MITSUBISHI
      • NISSAN
      • RENAULT
      • SATURN
      • Smart
      • SUBARU
      • SUZUKI
      • TOYOTA
      • VOLKSWAGEN
      • VOLVO
      • All Others
    • Engine Introduction
      • Model Coverage
        • Notes
        • Vehicle Identification Number Description
          • Notes
          • World Manufacturer Identifier - Position 1
          • Brake Type & Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) - Position 2
          • Line, Series & Body Type Code - Position 3
          • Engine Code - Position 4
          • Computer-Generated Check Digit - Position 5
          • Model Year Code - Position 6
          • Assembly Plant Code - Position 7
          • Production Sequence Number - Position 8
        • Model/Year VIN Code Applications
        • Engine Code Location
  • Metric Conversions
    • Engine Displacement Conversion Table - ECAT
      • Conversion Table
    • Metric Conversions
      • Metric Conversions
        • Notes
        • Length
        • Volume
        • Torque
        • Pressure
      • Conversion Factors
  • OEM General Information
    • Engine Introduction
      • Model Coverage
        • Notes
        • Vehicle Identification Number Description
          • Notes
          • World Manufacturer Identifier - Position 1
          • Brake Type & Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) - Position 2
          • Line, Series & Body Type Code - Position 3
          • Engine Code - Position 4
          • Computer-Generated Check Digit - Position 5
          • Model Year Code - Position 6
          • Assembly Plant Code - Position 7
          • Production Sequence Number - Position 8
        • Model/Year VIN Code Applications
        • Engine Code Location
  • Maintenance Reminder Light (Reset Procedures)
    • A/C Filter Service Reminder
      • Notes
      • A/C Filter Service Reminder Reset Procedure
    • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder
      • Notes
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
        • Oil Life Reset - Base Instrument Cluster
        • Oil Life Reset - Message Center Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 06
        • Non-Hybrid
        • Hybrid
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
        • Owner's Manual 1
        • Owner's Manual 2
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 11
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 12
        • With Base Instrument Cluster
        • With Message Center Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 13
        • With Message Center Instrument Cluster
        • With Base Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 14
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 15
        • Base Message Center
        • Uplevel Message Center
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 16
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 17
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 18
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 19
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 20
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 21
        • Notes
        • Without Message Center
        • With Message Center
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 22
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 23
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 24
        • Path 1
        • Path 2
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 25
        • Base Cluster
        • High Series Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 26
        • Resetting The Engine Oil Change Reminder - Vehicles With: 2.3 Inch Screen/4.2 Inch Screen
        • Resetting The Engine Oil Change Reminder - Vehicles With: 8 Inch Screen
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 27
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 28
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (Overhead Warning Lights)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset Procedure
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (Sri)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (VMM)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
    • Tire Pressure Monitor System Reminder
      • Notes
      • Tire Pressure Sensor Types
        • Notes
        • Banded Sensor
        • Valve Mounted Bolt-On Sensor
        • Valve Mounted Snap-In Sensor
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
        • Notes
        • Vehicles With Message Center
        • Vehicles Without Message Center
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
        • Notes
        • Performing the System Reset Procedure - Single Rear Wheel
        • Performing the System Reset Procedure - Dual Rear Wheel
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
        • Overview
        • Carrying Out the System Reset Procedure
        • To reset the tire pressure monitoring system for vehicles equipped with 2.3" information display, scroll to:
        • To reset the tire pressure monitoring system for vehicles equipped with 4.2" information display, scroll to:
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
  • Specifications Index
    • Common Specs & Procedures
      • Specifications Index
  • Steering
    • Map - Steering, Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels & Tires
      • Steering & Suspension Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Wheel And Tire
        • Notes
        • Tires
        • Mounting Tires
        • Vehicle Tire Placard
        • Tire Rotation
        • Wheel Lug Nut Torque & Clamping Force
        • Popular Tire Rotation Patterns
        • Wheels And Rims
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
      • Steering & Suspension CHECKSHEET
      • Wheels & Tires CHECKSHEET
      • Steering And Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels And Tires
        • Notes
        • Active Handling
        • Active Suspension Control Modules
        • Active Variable Ratio Steering
        • Active Yaw Control
        • Adaptive Cruise Control
        • Advance TRAC
        • Air Bags
        • Air Ride Control Modules
        • Air Ride Suspension Torsion Springs (Counter Balancing)
        • Air Ride Suspension
        • Air Ride Tubes
        • Air Shocks And Air Struts
        • Air Spring Valves
        • Air Springs
        • Air Suspension Control Valves
        • Air Suspension DRIERS
        • Axle Acceleration Sensor
        • Ball Joints
        • Body Acceleration Sensor
        • Bushings
        • Center Links
        • Compressors
        • Continuous Damping Control
        • Control Arm Shafts
        • Control Arms
        • Control Modules
        • Distance Regulation Control Module
        • Distance Regulation Sensor
        • Drag Links
        • Dynamic Stability Control
        • Dynamic Stability Traction Control
        • Electronic Ride Control Shocks And Struts
        • Electronic Stability Control
        • Electronic Suspension System
        • Flex Couplers
        • Gaskets
        • Height Sensors
        • Hydraulic Hoses
        • Hydraulic Power Steering Pumps
        • Hydraulic Suspension Hoses
        • Hydraulic Suspension Pumps
        • Idler Arms
        • Intermediate Shaft U-Joints
        • King Pins
        • Modules
        • Pitman Arms
        • Power Steering Belts
        • Power Steering Coolers
        • Power Steering Fluid
        • Power Steering Hoses
        • Power Steering Lines (Steel)
        • Power Steering Pumps - Electric
        • Power Steering Pumps
        • Radar Sensor
        • Radius Arms
        • Relay Rods
        • Relays
        • Sensors
        • Shock Absorbers, Strut Cartridges And Strut Assemblies
        • Spindles
        • Springs, Coil, Leaf And Torsion Bars
        • STABILITRAC
        • Stability Management System
        • Steering Angle Sensor
        • Steering Arms
        • Steering Couplers
        • Steering Dampers
        • Steering Gears (Except Rack And Pinion)
        • Steering Gears, Rack And Pinion
        • Steering Knuckles
        • Strike Out Bumpers
        • Strut Bearing Plate Assemblies
        • Strut Rods
        • Suspension Pumps (Hydraulic)
        • Sway Bar Links
        • Sway Bar Mounting Bushings
        • Sway Bars
        • Switches
        • Tie Rod Ends (Inner And Outer)
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
        • Tire Pressure Sensors
        • Tires
        • Torque Sensor
        • Torsion Springs
        • Track Bar Bushings
        • Track Bars
        • Trailing Arm Bushings
        • Trailing Arms
        • Valve Stems
        • Vehicle Dynamics Control
        • Vehicle Speed Sensor
        • Vehicle Stability Assist
        • Vehicle Stability/Skid Control
        • Warning Lamps
        • Wheel Alignment
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
        • Wheels (Rims)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Wheel Alignment Theory & Operation - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Pre-Alignment Instructions
        • Notes
        • General Alignment Checks
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Camber
        • Caster
        • Toe-In Adjustment
        • Toe-Out On Turns
        • Steering Axis Inclination
  • Traction Control Disable Procedures
    • Traction Control Disable
  • Trouble Shooting - Manual Transmission - General Information
    • * Please Read This First *
    • Introduction
• Heating, Ventilation & A/C (HVAC)
  • A/C Compressor
    • HVAC Control System - General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Climate Control System
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
          • Heat Transfer
          • Latent Heat of Vaporization
          • Relative Humidity
          • Effects of Pressure on Boiling or Condensation
          • Compressor Anti-Slugging Strategy
          • The Refrigerant Cycle
          • System Airflow Description - Manual Climate Control
            • Max A/C
            • A/C
            • Panel
            • Off
            • Panel/Floor
            • Floor
            • Floor/Defrost
            • Defrost
          • Climate Control System Electrical Components
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Climate Control System
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Vacuum Schematic - Manual Climate Control System
          • Vacuum Connector End View- Manual A/C
        • Vacuum Application Chart-Manual A/C
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Powertrain Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code Index
        • Symptom Chart
          • Climate Control System
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Incorrect/Erratic Direction Of Airflow From Outlet(S)
            • Pinpoint Test B: Insufficient, Erratic, Or No Heat
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Air Conditioning (A/C) Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Air Conditioning (A/C) Is Always On
            • Pinpoint Test E: No Operation In All The Temperature Settings
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Blower Motor Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Blower Motor Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test H: No Operation In High Blower Setting
        • Component Tests
          • Heater Core
            • Notes
            • Heater Core-Plugged
            • Heater Core-Pressure Test
            • Heater Core-Bench Test
          • A/C Evaporator/Condenser Core-On-Vehicle Leak Test
          • A/C Compressor-External Leak Test
      • General Procedures
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Check - Retail Procedure
          • Notes
          • Visual inspection
        • Spring Lock Coupling
          • Notes
          • Disconnect
          • Cleaning
          • Connect
        • Air Conditioning Line (Peanut) Fitting
          • Disconnect
          • Connect
        • Refrigerant System Tests
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) Clutch Air Gap Adjustment
        • Manifold Gauge Set Connection
        • Electronic Leak Detection
        • Tracer Dye Leak Detection
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Flushing
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Recovery, Evacuation & Charging
          • Notes
          • Refrigerant System Recovery
          • Refrigerant System Evacuation
          • Refrigerant System Charging
        • Refrigerant System Filtering Following Air Conditioning (A/C) Component Installation
        • Refrigerant Oil Adding
        • Inspection & Assembly Requirements - Following an A/C Compressor Failure
        • Refrigerant Identification Testing
        • Contaminated Refrigerant Handling
        • Vacuum Hose Repair - Mini-Tube
  • General Servicing
    • Cabin Air Filter (Special Applications) - General Information
      • Cabin Air Filter Applications
    • HVAC Control System - General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Climate Control System
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
          • Heat Transfer
          • Latent Heat of Vaporization
          • Relative Humidity
          • Effects of Pressure on Boiling or Condensation
          • Compressor Anti-Slugging Strategy
          • The Refrigerant Cycle
          • System Airflow Description - Manual Climate Control
            • Max A/C
            • A/C
            • Panel
            • Off
            • Panel/Floor
            • Floor
            • Floor/Defrost
            • Defrost
          • Climate Control System Electrical Components
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Climate Control System
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Vacuum Schematic - Manual Climate Control System
          • Vacuum Connector End View- Manual A/C
        • Vacuum Application Chart-Manual A/C
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Powertrain Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code Index
        • Symptom Chart
          • Climate Control System
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Incorrect/Erratic Direction Of Airflow From Outlet(S)
            • Pinpoint Test B: Insufficient, Erratic, Or No Heat
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Air Conditioning (A/C) Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Air Conditioning (A/C) Is Always On
            • Pinpoint Test E: No Operation In All The Temperature Settings
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Blower Motor Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Blower Motor Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test H: No Operation In High Blower Setting
        • Component Tests
          • Heater Core
            • Notes
            • Heater Core-Plugged
            • Heater Core-Pressure Test
            • Heater Core-Bench Test
          • A/C Evaporator/Condenser Core-On-Vehicle Leak Test
          • A/C Compressor-External Leak Test
      • General Procedures
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Check - Retail Procedure
          • Notes
          • Visual inspection
        • Spring Lock Coupling
          • Notes
          • Disconnect
          • Cleaning
          • Connect
        • Air Conditioning Line (Peanut) Fitting
          • Disconnect
          • Connect
        • Refrigerant System Tests
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) Clutch Air Gap Adjustment
        • Manifold Gauge Set Connection
        • Electronic Leak Detection
        • Tracer Dye Leak Detection
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Flushing
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Recovery, Evacuation & Charging
          • Notes
          • Refrigerant System Recovery
          • Refrigerant System Evacuation
          • Refrigerant System Charging
        • Refrigerant System Filtering Following Air Conditioning (A/C) Component Installation
        • Refrigerant Oil Adding
        • Inspection & Assembly Requirements - Following an A/C Compressor Failure
        • Refrigerant Identification Testing
        • Contaminated Refrigerant Handling
        • Vacuum Hose Repair - Mini-Tube
  • HVAC Control Systems
    • HVAC System
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Air Conditioning
          • Notes
          • Refrigerant System Components (4.0L Shown)
        • A/C Compressor & Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • A/C Pressure Relief Valve
          • Condenser Core
          • Refrigerant Lines
          • Evaporator Core
          • Evaporator Core Orifice
          • Suction Accumulator
          • A/C Cycling Switch
          • Pressure Cutoff Switch
          • Spring Lock Coupling
          • Peanut Fitting
          • Service Gauge Port Valves
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Air Conditioning
      • Removal & Installation
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) Compressor - 2.3L
          • Material
          • Removal & Installation
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) Compressor - 3.0L
          • Material
          • Removal & Installation
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) Compressor - 4.0L.
          • Removal & Installation
        • Clutch & Clutch Field Coil
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
            • All Vehicles
            • Vehicles With Leaf Spring A/C Clutch Plate
            • Vehicles With 3-Eye A/C Clutch Plate
          • Installation
            • All Vehicles
            • Vehicles With Leaf Spring A/C Clutch Plate
            • Vehicles With 3-Eye A/C Clutch Plate
        • Shaft Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Evaporator Core
          • Removal & Installation
        • Evaporator Core Orifice
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
            • All vehicles
            • Vehicles With A Serviceable Evaporator Core Orifice
            • Vehicles With A Damaged Or Broken Evaporator Core Orifice
          • Installation
        • Suction Accumulator
          • Material
          • Removal & Installation
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) Pressure Relief Valve - 3.0L
          • Removal & Installation
        • Condense Core - 2.3L
          • Material
          • Removal & Installation
        • Condenser Core - 3.0L and 4.0L
          • Material
          • Removal & Installation
            • Notes
            • All Vehicles
            • Vehicles With 4.0L Engine
        • Compressor Manifold & Tube Assembly - 2.3L
          • Material
          • Removal & Installation
        • Compressor Manifold & Tube Assembly - 3.0L
          • Material
          • Removal & Installation
        • Compressor Manifold & Tube Assembly - 4.0L
          • Material
          • Removal & Installation
        • Condenser To Evaporator Line
          • Material
          • Removal & Installation
        • Compressor To Condenser Discharge Line - 2.3L
          • Material
          • Removal & Installation
    • HVAC - Air Distribution System & Filtering System
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Air Distribution
          • Notes
          • Instrument Panel Registers
          • Component Locations
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Air Distribution
      • Removal And Installation
        • Register - LH
          • Removal and Installation
        • Register - RH
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Register - Center
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Nozzle - Windshield Defroster and Side Window Demister
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Duct - LH Instrument Panel Register
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Duct - RH Instrument Panel Register
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Duct - Center Instrument Panel Register
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Duct - Heater Outlet Floor
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Plenum Chamber
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Door - Air Inlet Duct
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • HVAC Control System
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Control Components
          • Manual A/C
        • Control System Inputs
          • Climate Control Assembly
        • Control System Outputs
          • Blower Motor Switch Resistor
        • Temperature Blend Door Control Cable
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Control Components
      • Removal & Installation
        • Climate Control Assembly
          • Removal & Installation
        • Blower Motor Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Function Selector Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Temperature Blend Door Actuator
          • Removal & Installation
            • All Vehicles
            • Vehicles With Anti Theft/Keyless Entry
        • Vacuum Control Motor - Panel/Floor Door
          • Removal & Installation
        • Vacuum Control Motor - Panel Defrost Door
          • Removal & Installation
        • Vacuum Control Motor - Air Inlet Door
          • Removal & Installation
        • Vacuum Reservoir
          • Removal & Installation
          • Temperature Blend Door Control Cable
    • HVAC Control System - General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Climate Control System
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
          • Heat Transfer
          • Latent Heat of Vaporization
          • Relative Humidity
          • Effects of Pressure on Boiling or Condensation
          • Compressor Anti-Slugging Strategy
          • The Refrigerant Cycle
          • System Airflow Description - Manual Climate Control
            • Max A/C
            • A/C
            • Panel
            • Off
            • Panel/Floor
            • Floor
            • Floor/Defrost
            • Defrost
          • Climate Control System Electrical Components
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Climate Control System
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Vacuum Schematic - Manual Climate Control System
          • Vacuum Connector End View- Manual A/C
        • Vacuum Application Chart-Manual A/C
          • Notes
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Powertrain Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code Index
        • Symptom Chart
          • Climate Control System
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Incorrect/Erratic Direction Of Airflow From Outlet(S)
            • Pinpoint Test B: Insufficient, Erratic, Or No Heat
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Air Conditioning (A/C) Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Air Conditioning (A/C) Is Always On
            • Pinpoint Test E: No Operation In All The Temperature Settings
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Blower Motor Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Blower Motor Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test H: No Operation In High Blower Setting
        • Component Tests
          • Heater Core
            • Notes
            • Heater Core-Plugged
            • Heater Core-Pressure Test
            • Heater Core-Bench Test
          • A/C Evaporator/Condenser Core-On-Vehicle Leak Test
          • A/C Compressor-External Leak Test
      • General Procedures
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Check - Retail Procedure
          • Notes
          • Visual inspection
        • Spring Lock Coupling
          • Notes
          • Disconnect
          • Cleaning
          • Connect
        • Air Conditioning Line (Peanut) Fitting
          • Disconnect
          • Connect
        • Refrigerant System Tests
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) Clutch Air Gap Adjustment
        • Manifold Gauge Set Connection
        • Electronic Leak Detection
        • Tracer Dye Leak Detection
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Flushing
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Recovery, Evacuation & Charging
          • Notes
          • Refrigerant System Recovery
          • Refrigerant System Evacuation
          • Refrigerant System Charging
        • Refrigerant System Filtering Following Air Conditioning (A/C) Component Installation
        • Refrigerant Oil Adding
        • Inspection & Assembly Requirements - Following an A/C Compressor Failure
        • Refrigerant Identification Testing
        • Contaminated Refrigerant Handling
        • Vacuum Hose Repair - Mini-Tube
    • HVAC System
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Heating/Defrosting
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Heating/Defrosting
      • Removal & Installation
        • Blower Motor
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Evaporator Core Housing
          • Material
          • Removal & Installation
            • Notes
            • All Vehicles
            • Vehicles With 2.3L Engine
            • Vehicles With 3.0L & 4.0L Engines
            • Vehicles With Speed Control
        • Heater Core
          • Removal & Installation
• Maintenance
  • Maintenance Reminder Light (Reset Procedures)
    • A/C Filter Service Reminder
      • Notes
      • A/C Filter Service Reminder Reset Procedure
    • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder
      • Notes
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
        • Oil Life Reset - Base Instrument Cluster
        • Oil Life Reset - Message Center Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 06
        • Non-Hybrid
        • Hybrid
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
        • Owner's Manual 1
        • Owner's Manual 2
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 11
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 12
        • With Base Instrument Cluster
        • With Message Center Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 13
        • With Message Center Instrument Cluster
        • With Base Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 14
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 15
        • Base Message Center
        • Uplevel Message Center
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 16
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 17
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 18
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 19
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 20
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 21
        • Notes
        • Without Message Center
        • With Message Center
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 22
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 23
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 24
        • Path 1
        • Path 2
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 25
        • Base Cluster
        • High Series Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 26
        • Resetting The Engine Oil Change Reminder - Vehicles With: 2.3 Inch Screen/4.2 Inch Screen
        • Resetting The Engine Oil Change Reminder - Vehicles With: 8 Inch Screen
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 27
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 28
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (Overhead Warning Lights)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset Procedure
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (Sri)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (VMM)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
    • Tire Pressure Monitor System Reminder
      • Notes
      • Tire Pressure Sensor Types
        • Notes
        • Banded Sensor
        • Valve Mounted Bolt-On Sensor
        • Valve Mounted Snap-In Sensor
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
        • Notes
        • Vehicles With Message Center
        • Vehicles Without Message Center
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
        • Notes
        • Performing the System Reset Procedure - Single Rear Wheel
        • Performing the System Reset Procedure - Dual Rear Wheel
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
        • Overview
        • Carrying Out the System Reset Procedure
        • To reset the tire pressure monitoring system for vehicles equipped with 2.3" information display, scroll to:
        • To reset the tire pressure monitoring system for vehicles equipped with 4.2" information display, scroll to:
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
• Restraints
  • Air Bag, SRS
    • Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • System Operation Check
      • Air Bag Safety Precautions
      • Adjustments
        • CLOCKSPRING Centering
      • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
        • Notes
        • Disabling System
          • Notes
          • General Disabling Procedure (Seat Belt Pretensioners)
          • General Disabling Procedure (Driver & Passenger AIR Bags)
          • Diagnostics Disabling Procedure (Seat Belt Pretensioners)
          • Diagnostics Disabling Procedure (Driver & Passenger AIR Bags)
        • Activating System
          • General Activating Procedure (Driver & Passenger AIR Bags)
          • Diagnostics Activating Procedure (Driver & Passenger AIR Bags)
        • Computer Relearn (Driver & Passenger Air Bags)
        • Air Bag Simulator (Driver & Passenger Air Bags)
      • Disposal Procedures
        • Notes
        • Deployed Air Bag (Driver & Passenger Air Bags)
        • UNDEPLOYED Air Bag-Faulty Unit (Driver & Passenger Air Bags)
        • Scrapped Vehicle (Driver & Passenger Air Bags)
          • Notes
          • Remote Deployment Of AIR Bag (Driver & Passenger AIR Bags)
          • Remote Deployment Of Seat Belt Pretensioners (Driver & Passenger AIR Bags)
      • Post-Collision Inspection
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • CLOCKSPRING
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Driver-Side Air Bag Module
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Seat
          • Removal & Installation
        • Generic Electronic Module (Gem)
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Removal & Installation
        • Passenger-Side Air Bag Module
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Passenger-Side Air Bag Deactivation (Pad) Switch
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Restraints Control Module (RCM)
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat Belt PRETENSIONERS
          • Removal & Installation
        • Steering Wheel
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
      • Diagnostics
        • Notes
        • Self-Diagnostics
        • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Inspection & Verification
        • Using Scan Tool
        • Retrieving Fault Codes
        • Clearing Fault Codes
        • On-Demand Self-Test
        • Active Commands
        • PID/Data Monitor & Record
      • Diagnostic Tests
        • Test A: Air Bag Warning Light On Continuously-RCM Disconnected Or Inoperative
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test B: RCM Bracket Ground Resistance High (DTC B1921)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test C: Incorrect Vehicle Identification Code (DTC C1414)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test D: Driver-Side Air Bag Circuit Short To Ground (DTC B1887)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test E: Driver-Side Air Bag Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (DTC B1916)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test F: Passenger-Side Air Bag Circuit Short To Ground (DTC B1888)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test G: Passenger-Side Air Bag Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (DTC B1925)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test H: Driver-Side Air Bag Resistance High (DTC B1932)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test I: Passenger-Side Air Bag Resistance High (DTC B1933)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test J: Driver-Side Air Bag Low Resistance (DTC B1934)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test K: Passenger-Side Air Bag Resistance Low (DTC B1935)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test L: Passenger Air Bag Deactivation (Pad) Switch Fault (DTC B1871)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test M: Passenger Air Bag Deactivation (Pad) Switch Warning Light Inoperative (DTC B1884)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test N: Passenger Air Bag Deactivation (Pad) Switch Warning Light Short To Battery (DTC B1890)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test O: Air Bag Tone Warning Indicator Circuit Short To Ground Or Open (DTC B1892)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test P: Air Bag Tone Warning Indicator Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (B1891)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Q: Air Bag Warning Light Circuit Open (DTC B1869)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test R: Air Bag Warning Light Short To Battery Voltage (DTC B1870)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test S: Left PRETENSIONER Circuit Resistance Low Or High (DTC B1885/B1877)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test T: Right PRETENSIONER Circuit Resistance Low Or High (DTC B1881/B1886)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test U: Left PRETENSIONER Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (DTC B1878)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test V: Left PRETENSIONER Circuit Short To Ground (DTC B1879)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test W: Right PRETENSIONER Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (DTC B1882)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test X: Right PRETENSIONER Circuit Short To Ground (DTC B1883)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Y: No Communication With RCM
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
      • Wire Repair
        • Notes
        • Repair Procedure
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System -- Air Bag/SRS Component Inspection & Replacement Tables
      • Ford Motor Co. (1988-04)
    • Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System Deactivation Procedures
      • Special Care During Mechanical Repairs
      • CHRYSLER
        • Notes
        • System Operation Check
          • Except Sebring Coupe & Stratus Coupe
          • Sebring Coupe/Stratus Coupe
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System (Except Sebring Coupe & Stratus Coupe)
          • Activating System (Except Sebring Coupe & Stratus Coupe)
          • Disabling System (Sebring Coupe & Stratus Coupe)
          • Activating System (Sebring Coupe & Stratus Coupe)
      • Ford Motor Co.
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System (Aviator)
          • Activating System (Aviator)
          • Disabling System (Blackwood)
          • Activating System (Blackwood)
          • Disabling System (Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Marauder)
          • Activating System (Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Marauder)
          • Disabling System (Econoline)
          • Activating System (Econoline)
          • Disabling System (Escape)
          • Activating System (Escape)
          • Disabling System (Excursion & F250-550 Super Duty)
          • Activating System (Excursion & F250-550 Super Duty)
          • Disabling System (Expedition & Navigator)
          • Activating System (Expedition & Navigator)
          • Disabling System (Explorer & Mountaineer)
          • Activating System (Explorer & Mountaineer)
          • Disabling System (Explorer Sport)
          • Activating System (Explorer Sport)
          • Disabling System (Explorer Sport Trac)
          • Activating System (Explorer Sport Trac)
          • Disabling System (Focus)
          • Activating System (Focus)
          • Disabling System (F150)
          • Activating System (F150)
          • Disabling System (LS)
          • Activating System (LS)
          • Disabling System (Mustang)
          • Activating System (Mustang)
          • Disabling System (Ranger)
          • Activating System (Ranger)
          • Disabling System (Sable & Taurus)
          • Activating System (Sable & Taurus)
          • Disabling System (Thunderbird)
          • Activating System (Thunderbird)
          • Disabling System (Town Car)
          • Activating System (Town Car)
          • Disabling System (Windstar)
          • Activating System (Windstar)
          • Disabling System (ZX2)
          • Activating System (ZX2)
        • Air Bag Simulator
        • Driver Air Bag Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Aviator, Econoline, Excursion, Expedition, Explorer, Explorer Sport, Explorer Sport Trac, F150, F250-550 Super Duty, Mountaineer & Navigator)
          • Removal & Installation (Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Marauder)
          • Removal & Installation (Focus, LS, Mustang, Ranger, Thunderbird, Town Car & ZX2)
        • Passenger Air Bag Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Marauder)
          • Removal & Installation (Explorer Sport, Explorer Sport Trac & Ranger)
          • Removal & Installation (Sable & Taurus)
          • Removal & Installation (Thunderbird)
          • Removal & Installation (Town Car)
          • Removal & Installation (ZX2)
        • Torque Specifications
      • General Motors
        • Notes
        • System Operation Check
          • Notes
          • Pickups With Passenger Air Bag
          • All Models Except Pickups With Passenger Air Bag
          • Vehicles With Passenger Presence System (PPS)
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Supplemental Inflatable Restraint (SIR) Disabling & Enabling Zones
          • Disabling System (Alero, Grand Am & Malibu)
          • Activating System (Alero, Grand Am & Malibu)
          • Disabling System (Astro & Safari)
          • Activating System (Astro & Safari)
          • Disabling System (Aurora, Bonneville, LeSabre & Park Avenue)
          • Activating System (Aurora, Bonneville, LeSabre & Park Avenue)
          • Disabling System (Avalanche, Escalade, Escalade ESV, Escalade EXT, Sierra, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Yukon & Yukon XL)
          • Activating System (Avalanche, Escalade, Escalade ESV, Escalade EXT, Sierra, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Yukon & Yukon XL)
          • Disabling System (Aztek & Rendezvous)
          • Activating System (Aztek & Rendezvous)
          • Disabling System (Blazer, Jimmy, S10 Pickup & Sonoma)
          • Activating System (Blazer, Jimmy, S10 Pickup & Sonoma)
          • Disabling System (Bravada, Envoy, Envoy XL, TrailBlazer & TrailBlazer EXT)
          • Activating System (Bravada, Envoy, Envoy XL, TrailBlazer & TrailBlazer EXT)
          • Disabling System (Cavalier & Sunfire)
          • Activating System (Cavalier & Sunfire)
          • Disabling System (Century, Grand Prix & Regal)
          • Activating System (Century, Grand Prix & Regal)
          • Disabling System (Chevy Express & Savana)
          • Activating System (Chevy Express & Savana)
          • Disabling System (Corvette)
          • Activating System (Corvette)
          • Disabling System (DeVille)
          • Activating System (DeVille)
          • Disabling System (Impala & Monte Carlo)
          • Activating System (Impala & Monte Carlo)
          • Disabling System (Montana, Silhouette & Venture)
          • Activating System (Montana, Silhouette & Venture)
          • Disabling System (Saturn, ION)
          • Activating System (Saturn, ION)
          • Disabling System (Saturn, L Series)
          • Activating System (Saturn, L Series)
          • Disabling System (Saturn VUE)
          • Activating System (Saturn VUE)
          • Disabling System (Seville)
          • Activating System (Seville)
          • Disabling System (Tracker)
          • Activating System (Tracker)
      • Jeep
        • System Operation Check
          • Grand Cherokee, Liberty & Wrangler
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System
          • Activating System
  • Restraints Control Systems
    • Safety Belt System
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Safety Belt System
          • Notes
          • Dual Locking Mode Retractors
            • Overview
            • Notes
            • Safety Belt Buckle and Pretensioner Assembly - Front
          • Safety Belt Extension Assembly
          • Attaching Safety Seats with Tether Straps
          • Child Safety Seat Tether Anchor
          • Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children (LATCH)
          • Warning System - Driver Safety Belt
          • Safety Belt Warning Indicator and Chime
            • Notes
            • Belt Minder
            • Four-Door, SuperCab
            • Belt Minder (if equipped)
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Safety Belt System
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Component Test
            • Functional Test
      • General Procedures
        • Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) Deactivation and Reactivation
          • Notes
          • Deactivation
          • Reactivation
        • Safety Belt Cleaning
        • Safety Belt Without Anchor Plate Thread Damage
          • Replacement of the Weld Nut or Reinforcement
        • Safety Belt With Anchor Plate Thread Damage
        • Safety Belt Shoulder Height Adjuster With Stripped Weld Nuts
        • Safety Belt Procedure After a Collision
        • Safety Belt Tongue Rotated on Belt
        • Automatic Locking Retractor - Evaluation of Lockability and Release
      • Removal And Installation
        • Retractor - Front, Driver Side and Outside Passenger
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Retractor - Front Seat, Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Retractor - Center Facing Rear Seat
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Retractor - Rear Seat, Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Child Safety Seat Tether Anchor
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Height Adjuster
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Height Adjuster - Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Safety Belt Buckle and Pretensioner - 60 Percent Bench
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Safety Belt Buckle and Pretensioner - Bucket and 40 Percent Bench
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Safety Belt Buckle - Center Facing Rear Seat
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Safety Belt Buckle - Rear Seat, Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System -- Air Bag/SRS Component Inspection & Replacement Tables
      • Ford Motor Co. (1988-04)
    • Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System Deactivation Procedures
      • Special Care During Mechanical Repairs
      • CHRYSLER
        • Notes
        • System Operation Check
          • Except Sebring Coupe & Stratus Coupe
          • Sebring Coupe/Stratus Coupe
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System (Except Sebring Coupe & Stratus Coupe)
          • Activating System (Except Sebring Coupe & Stratus Coupe)
          • Disabling System (Sebring Coupe & Stratus Coupe)
          • Activating System (Sebring Coupe & Stratus Coupe)
      • Ford Motor Co.
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System (Aviator)
          • Activating System (Aviator)
          • Disabling System (Blackwood)
          • Activating System (Blackwood)
          • Disabling System (Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Marauder)
          • Activating System (Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Marauder)
          • Disabling System (Econoline)
          • Activating System (Econoline)
          • Disabling System (Escape)
          • Activating System (Escape)
          • Disabling System (Excursion & F250-550 Super Duty)
          • Activating System (Excursion & F250-550 Super Duty)
          • Disabling System (Expedition & Navigator)
          • Activating System (Expedition & Navigator)
          • Disabling System (Explorer & Mountaineer)
          • Activating System (Explorer & Mountaineer)
          • Disabling System (Explorer Sport)
          • Activating System (Explorer Sport)
          • Disabling System (Explorer Sport Trac)
          • Activating System (Explorer Sport Trac)
          • Disabling System (Focus)
          • Activating System (Focus)
          • Disabling System (F150)
          • Activating System (F150)
          • Disabling System (LS)
          • Activating System (LS)
          • Disabling System (Mustang)
          • Activating System (Mustang)
          • Disabling System (Ranger)
          • Activating System (Ranger)
          • Disabling System (Sable & Taurus)
          • Activating System (Sable & Taurus)
          • Disabling System (Thunderbird)
          • Activating System (Thunderbird)
          • Disabling System (Town Car)
          • Activating System (Town Car)
          • Disabling System (Windstar)
          • Activating System (Windstar)
          • Disabling System (ZX2)
          • Activating System (ZX2)
        • Air Bag Simulator
        • Driver Air Bag Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Aviator, Econoline, Excursion, Expedition, Explorer, Explorer Sport, Explorer Sport Trac, F150, F250-550 Super Duty, Mountaineer & Navigator)
          • Removal & Installation (Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Marauder)
          • Removal & Installation (Focus, LS, Mustang, Ranger, Thunderbird, Town Car & ZX2)
        • Passenger Air Bag Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Marauder)
          • Removal & Installation (Explorer Sport, Explorer Sport Trac & Ranger)
          • Removal & Installation (Sable & Taurus)
          • Removal & Installation (Thunderbird)
          • Removal & Installation (Town Car)
          • Removal & Installation (ZX2)
        • Torque Specifications
      • General Motors
        • Notes
        • System Operation Check
          • Notes
          • Pickups With Passenger Air Bag
          • All Models Except Pickups With Passenger Air Bag
          • Vehicles With Passenger Presence System (PPS)
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Supplemental Inflatable Restraint (SIR) Disabling & Enabling Zones
          • Disabling System (Alero, Grand Am & Malibu)
          • Activating System (Alero, Grand Am & Malibu)
          • Disabling System (Astro & Safari)
          • Activating System (Astro & Safari)
          • Disabling System (Aurora, Bonneville, LeSabre & Park Avenue)
          • Activating System (Aurora, Bonneville, LeSabre & Park Avenue)
          • Disabling System (Avalanche, Escalade, Escalade ESV, Escalade EXT, Sierra, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Yukon & Yukon XL)
          • Activating System (Avalanche, Escalade, Escalade ESV, Escalade EXT, Sierra, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Yukon & Yukon XL)
          • Disabling System (Aztek & Rendezvous)
          • Activating System (Aztek & Rendezvous)
          • Disabling System (Blazer, Jimmy, S10 Pickup & Sonoma)
          • Activating System (Blazer, Jimmy, S10 Pickup & Sonoma)
          • Disabling System (Bravada, Envoy, Envoy XL, TrailBlazer & TrailBlazer EXT)
          • Activating System (Bravada, Envoy, Envoy XL, TrailBlazer & TrailBlazer EXT)
          • Disabling System (Cavalier & Sunfire)
          • Activating System (Cavalier & Sunfire)
          • Disabling System (Century, Grand Prix & Regal)
          • Activating System (Century, Grand Prix & Regal)
          • Disabling System (Chevy Express & Savana)
          • Activating System (Chevy Express & Savana)
          • Disabling System (Corvette)
          • Activating System (Corvette)
          • Disabling System (DeVille)
          • Activating System (DeVille)
          • Disabling System (Impala & Monte Carlo)
          • Activating System (Impala & Monte Carlo)
          • Disabling System (Montana, Silhouette & Venture)
          • Activating System (Montana, Silhouette & Venture)
          • Disabling System (Saturn, ION)
          • Activating System (Saturn, ION)
          • Disabling System (Saturn, L Series)
          • Activating System (Saturn, L Series)
          • Disabling System (Saturn VUE)
          • Activating System (Saturn VUE)
          • Disabling System (Seville)
          • Activating System (Seville)
          • Disabling System (Tracker)
          • Activating System (Tracker)
      • Jeep
        • System Operation Check
          • Grand Cherokee, Liberty & Wrangler
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System
          • Activating System
  • Seat Belts
    • Safety Belt System
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Safety Belt System
          • Notes
          • Dual Locking Mode Retractors
            • Overview
            • Notes
            • Safety Belt Buckle and Pretensioner Assembly - Front
          • Safety Belt Extension Assembly
          • Attaching Safety Seats with Tether Straps
          • Child Safety Seat Tether Anchor
          • Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children (LATCH)
          • Warning System - Driver Safety Belt
          • Safety Belt Warning Indicator and Chime
            • Notes
            • Belt Minder
            • Four-Door, SuperCab
            • Belt Minder (if equipped)
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Safety Belt System
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Component Test
            • Functional Test
      • General Procedures
        • Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) Deactivation and Reactivation
          • Notes
          • Deactivation
          • Reactivation
        • Safety Belt Cleaning
        • Safety Belt Without Anchor Plate Thread Damage
          • Replacement of the Weld Nut or Reinforcement
        • Safety Belt With Anchor Plate Thread Damage
        • Safety Belt Shoulder Height Adjuster With Stripped Weld Nuts
        • Safety Belt Procedure After a Collision
        • Safety Belt Tongue Rotated on Belt
        • Automatic Locking Retractor - Evaluation of Lockability and Release
      • Removal And Installation
        • Retractor - Front, Driver Side and Outside Passenger
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Retractor - Front Seat, Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Retractor - Center Facing Rear Seat
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Retractor - Rear Seat, Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Child Safety Seat Tether Anchor
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Height Adjuster
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Height Adjuster - Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Safety Belt Buckle and Pretensioner - 60 Percent Bench
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Safety Belt Buckle and Pretensioner - Bucket and 40 Percent Bench
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Safety Belt Buckle - Center Facing Rear Seat
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Safety Belt Buckle - Rear Seat, Four-Door, SuperCab
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System -- Air Bag/SRS Component Inspection & Replacement Tables
      • Ford Motor Co. (1988-04)
    • Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System Deactivation Procedures
      • Special Care During Mechanical Repairs
      • CHRYSLER
        • Notes
        • System Operation Check
          • Except Sebring Coupe & Stratus Coupe
          • Sebring Coupe/Stratus Coupe
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System (Except Sebring Coupe & Stratus Coupe)
          • Activating System (Except Sebring Coupe & Stratus Coupe)
          • Disabling System (Sebring Coupe & Stratus Coupe)
          • Activating System (Sebring Coupe & Stratus Coupe)
      • Ford Motor Co.
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System (Aviator)
          • Activating System (Aviator)
          • Disabling System (Blackwood)
          • Activating System (Blackwood)
          • Disabling System (Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Marauder)
          • Activating System (Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Marauder)
          • Disabling System (Econoline)
          • Activating System (Econoline)
          • Disabling System (Escape)
          • Activating System (Escape)
          • Disabling System (Excursion & F250-550 Super Duty)
          • Activating System (Excursion & F250-550 Super Duty)
          • Disabling System (Expedition & Navigator)
          • Activating System (Expedition & Navigator)
          • Disabling System (Explorer & Mountaineer)
          • Activating System (Explorer & Mountaineer)
          • Disabling System (Explorer Sport)
          • Activating System (Explorer Sport)
          • Disabling System (Explorer Sport Trac)
          • Activating System (Explorer Sport Trac)
          • Disabling System (Focus)
          • Activating System (Focus)
          • Disabling System (F150)
          • Activating System (F150)
          • Disabling System (LS)
          • Activating System (LS)
          • Disabling System (Mustang)
          • Activating System (Mustang)
          • Disabling System (Ranger)
          • Activating System (Ranger)
          • Disabling System (Sable & Taurus)
          • Activating System (Sable & Taurus)
          • Disabling System (Thunderbird)
          • Activating System (Thunderbird)
          • Disabling System (Town Car)
          • Activating System (Town Car)
          • Disabling System (Windstar)
          • Activating System (Windstar)
          • Disabling System (ZX2)
          • Activating System (ZX2)
        • Air Bag Simulator
        • Driver Air Bag Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Aviator, Econoline, Excursion, Expedition, Explorer, Explorer Sport, Explorer Sport Trac, F150, F250-550 Super Duty, Mountaineer & Navigator)
          • Removal & Installation (Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Marauder)
          • Removal & Installation (Focus, LS, Mustang, Ranger, Thunderbird, Town Car & ZX2)
        • Passenger Air Bag Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Marauder)
          • Removal & Installation (Explorer Sport, Explorer Sport Trac & Ranger)
          • Removal & Installation (Sable & Taurus)
          • Removal & Installation (Thunderbird)
          • Removal & Installation (Town Car)
          • Removal & Installation (ZX2)
        • Torque Specifications
      • General Motors
        • Notes
        • System Operation Check
          • Notes
          • Pickups With Passenger Air Bag
          • All Models Except Pickups With Passenger Air Bag
          • Vehicles With Passenger Presence System (PPS)
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Supplemental Inflatable Restraint (SIR) Disabling & Enabling Zones
          • Disabling System (Alero, Grand Am & Malibu)
          • Activating System (Alero, Grand Am & Malibu)
          • Disabling System (Astro & Safari)
          • Activating System (Astro & Safari)
          • Disabling System (Aurora, Bonneville, LeSabre & Park Avenue)
          • Activating System (Aurora, Bonneville, LeSabre & Park Avenue)
          • Disabling System (Avalanche, Escalade, Escalade ESV, Escalade EXT, Sierra, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Yukon & Yukon XL)
          • Activating System (Avalanche, Escalade, Escalade ESV, Escalade EXT, Sierra, Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe, Yukon & Yukon XL)
          • Disabling System (Aztek & Rendezvous)
          • Activating System (Aztek & Rendezvous)
          • Disabling System (Blazer, Jimmy, S10 Pickup & Sonoma)
          • Activating System (Blazer, Jimmy, S10 Pickup & Sonoma)
          • Disabling System (Bravada, Envoy, Envoy XL, TrailBlazer & TrailBlazer EXT)
          • Activating System (Bravada, Envoy, Envoy XL, TrailBlazer & TrailBlazer EXT)
          • Disabling System (Cavalier & Sunfire)
          • Activating System (Cavalier & Sunfire)
          • Disabling System (Century, Grand Prix & Regal)
          • Activating System (Century, Grand Prix & Regal)
          • Disabling System (Chevy Express & Savana)
          • Activating System (Chevy Express & Savana)
          • Disabling System (Corvette)
          • Activating System (Corvette)
          • Disabling System (DeVille)
          • Activating System (DeVille)
          • Disabling System (Impala & Monte Carlo)
          • Activating System (Impala & Monte Carlo)
          • Disabling System (Montana, Silhouette & Venture)
          • Activating System (Montana, Silhouette & Venture)
          • Disabling System (Saturn, ION)
          • Activating System (Saturn, ION)
          • Disabling System (Saturn, L Series)
          • Activating System (Saturn, L Series)
          • Disabling System (Saturn VUE)
          • Activating System (Saturn VUE)
          • Disabling System (Seville)
          • Activating System (Seville)
          • Disabling System (Tracker)
          • Activating System (Tracker)
      • Jeep
        • System Operation Check
          • Grand Cherokee, Liberty & Wrangler
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System
          • Activating System
• Steering
  • Manual Steering
    • Power Steering System
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Power Steering
          • System View - Typical
          • Steering Gear Mounting - 4x2/4x4
          • Steering Gear
          • Power Steering Pump
          • Steering Gear Identification
          • Pump Identification
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Power Steering
      • Removal And Installation
        • Power Steering Fluid Reservoir - CIII Pump
          • Removal and Installation
        • Pump - CII
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Pump - CIII 2.3L
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Pump - CIII 4.0L
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Pulley - Pump, 2.3L, 2.5L and 3.0L
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Pulley - Pump, 4.0L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Hose
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Cooler - Fluid
          • Removal and Installation
        • Gear - 4x2
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Gear - 4x4
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • Steering System - General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering System
          • Notes
          • Steering System Components
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering System
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Steering System Symptom Definitions
            • Drift/Pull
            • Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Feedback
            • Hard Steering or Lack of Assist
            • Nibble
            • Poor Returnability/Sticky Steering
            • Shimmy
            • Wander
          • Symptom Chart
          • Component Tests
            • Steering Linkage
            • Turning Effort Test
            • Pump Flow and Pressure Test
            • Tie Rod Articulation Torque
            • Steering Gear Valve
      • General Procedures
        • System Flushing
        • Purging
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Purging Procedure
        • Fill
  • Power Steering
    • Power Steering System
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Power Steering
          • System View - Typical
          • Steering Gear Mounting - 4x2/4x4
          • Steering Gear
          • Power Steering Pump
          • Steering Gear Identification
          • Pump Identification
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Power Steering
      • Removal And Installation
        • Power Steering Fluid Reservoir - CIII Pump
          • Removal and Installation
        • Pump - CII
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Pump - CIII 2.3L
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Pump - CIII 4.0L
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Pulley - Pump, 2.3L, 2.5L and 3.0L
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Pulley - Pump, 4.0L
          • Removal and Installation
        • Hose
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Cooler - Fluid
          • Removal and Installation
        • Gear - 4x2
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Gear - 4x4
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • Steering System - General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering System
          • Notes
          • Steering System Components
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering System
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Steering System Symptom Definitions
            • Drift/Pull
            • Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Feedback
            • Hard Steering or Lack of Assist
            • Nibble
            • Poor Returnability/Sticky Steering
            • Shimmy
            • Wander
          • Symptom Chart
          • Component Tests
            • Steering Linkage
            • Turning Effort Test
            • Pump Flow and Pressure Test
            • Tie Rod Articulation Torque
            • Steering Gear Valve
      • General Procedures
        • System Flushing
        • Purging
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Purging Procedure
        • Fill
  • Steering Column
    • Specifications
      • General Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
    • Description And Operation
      • Steering Column
    • Diagnosis And Testing
      • Steering Column
    • General Procedures
      • Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) Deactivation and Reactivation
        • Special Tool
        • Deactivation
        • Reactivation
    • Removal And Installation
      • Ignition Switch Lock Cylinder - Functional Lock Cylinder
        • Removal and Installation
      • Ignition Switch Lock Cylinder - Non-Functional Lock Cylinder
        • Removal and Installation
      • Wheel
        • Special Tools
        • Removal and Installation
      • Clockspring
        • Removal and Installation
      • Column
        • Removal and Installation
      • Steering Column Shaft
        • Removal and Installation
    • Disassembly And Assembly
      • Steering Column - Manual Transmission
        • Special Tool
        • Material
        • Disassembly
        • Assembly
      • Steering Column - Automatic Transmission
        • Special Tool(s)
        • Material
        • Disassembly
        • Assembly
• Suspension
  • Front Suspension
    • Front Suspension - 2WD
      • Description
      • Adjustments & Inspection
        • Ball Joint Checking
          • Lower & Upper Ball Joint
        • Ride Height
        • Wheel Alignment
        • Wheel Bearing Adjustment
      • Removal & Installation
        • Coil Spring
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Hub/Rotor & Wheel Bearings
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Lower Control Arm - Coil Spring Suspension
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Lower Control Arm - Torsion Bar Suspension
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shock Absorber
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Spindle
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Stabilizer Bar
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Torsion Bar
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Upper Control Arm, Ball Joint & Bushings
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Torque Specifications
    • Suspension System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • Alignment Specifications
          • Notes
          • General Specifications
          • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Wheel Alignment Angles
          • Notes
          • Camber
            • Negative and Positive Camber
          • Caster
          • Toe
            • Positive Toe (Toe In)
            • Negative Toe (Toe Out)
          • Ride Height
            • Front Ride Height Measurement
            • Rear Ride Height Measurement - 4x2
            • Rear Ride Height Measurement - 4x4
          • Wheel Track
          • Dogtracking
          • Wander
          • Shimmy
          • Nibble
          • Poor Returnability/Sticky Steering
          • Drift/Pull
            • Notes
            • Poor Groove Feel
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Suspension System
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Component Tests
            • Ball Joint Inspection
      • General Procedures
        • Camber and Caster Adjustment
        • Toe Adjustment
  • Rear Suspension
    • Rear Suspension
      • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
      • Removal And Installation
        • Wheel Studs
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shock Absorber
          • Removal & Installation
        • Bar and Link
          • Removal & Installation
        • Spring
          • Removal and Installation
    • Suspension System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • Alignment Specifications
          • Notes
          • General Specifications
          • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Wheel Alignment Angles
          • Notes
          • Camber
            • Negative and Positive Camber
          • Caster
          • Toe
            • Positive Toe (Toe In)
            • Negative Toe (Toe Out)
          • Ride Height
            • Front Ride Height Measurement
            • Rear Ride Height Measurement - 4x2
            • Rear Ride Height Measurement - 4x4
          • Wheel Track
          • Dogtracking
          • Wander
          • Shimmy
          • Nibble
          • Poor Returnability/Sticky Steering
          • Drift/Pull
            • Notes
            • Poor Groove Feel
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Suspension System
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Component Tests
            • Ball Joint Inspection
      • General Procedures
        • Camber and Caster Adjustment
        • Toe Adjustment
  • Wheel Alignment
    • Suspension System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • Alignment Specifications
          • Notes
          • General Specifications
          • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Wheel Alignment Angles
          • Notes
          • Camber
            • Negative and Positive Camber
          • Caster
          • Toe
            • Positive Toe (Toe In)
            • Negative Toe (Toe Out)
          • Ride Height
            • Front Ride Height Measurement
            • Rear Ride Height Measurement - 4x2
            • Rear Ride Height Measurement - 4x4
          • Wheel Track
          • Dogtracking
          • Wander
          • Shimmy
          • Nibble
          • Poor Returnability/Sticky Steering
          • Drift/Pull
            • Notes
            • Poor Groove Feel
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Suspension System
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Component Tests
            • Ball Joint Inspection
      • General Procedures
        • Camber and Caster Adjustment
        • Toe Adjustment
• Transmission
  • Clutch
    • Clutch Controls System
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Clutch Controls
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Clutch Controls
      • Removal And Installation
        • Clutch Pedal
          • Removal and Installation
        • Clutch Master Cylinder/Reservoir
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Slave Cylinder
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • Clutch System
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Clutch
          • Notes
          • Torque Specifications
          • Clutch System Components
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Clutch
      • Removal And Installation
        • Disc and Pressure Plate
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Flywheel
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Bearing
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Ring Gear
          • Removal
          • Installation
  • Manual Trans
    • Manual Transmission
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Manual Transmission
          • Notes
          • Transmission Identification
          • Lubrication
          • Powerflow in Neutral
          • Powerflow in 1st Gear
          • Powerflow in 2nd Gear
          • Powerflow in 3rd Gear
          • Powerflow in 4th Gear
          • Powerflow in 5th Gear
          • Powerflow in Reverse Gear
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Manual Transmission
      • General Procedures
        • Bearings
          • Inspect
      • In-Vehicle Repair
        • Extension Housing
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shift Lever and Boot
          • Removal and Installation
      • Removal
        • Transmission
          • Special Tool(s)
      • Disassembly
        • Transmission
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
      • Disassembly And Assembly Of Subassemblies
        • Shift Control Housing
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Input Shaft Bearing
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Output Shaft and Bearing
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Reverse Idler Gear
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Synchronizers
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
      • Assembly
        • Transmission
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Assembly
      • Installation
        • Transmission
          • Special Tool(s)
    • Manual Transmission And Clutch System - General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
          • Notes
          • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Manual Transmission & Clutch
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Manual Transmission & Clutch
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
        • Inspection & Verification
          • Notes
          • Noise Evaluation
          • Additional Testing for 4x4 Trucks
        • Symptom Chart
          • Symptom Chart
        • Pinpoint Tests
          • Pinpoint Test A: Clutch Slippage
          • Pinpoint Test B: Clutch Chatter Or Shudder
          • Pinpoint Test C: Clutch Hydraulic System Check
          • Pinpoint Test D: Clutch Drag
          • Pinpoint Test E: Clutch Pedal Pulsation
          • Pinpoint Test F: Clutch Related Vibrations
          • Pinpoint Test G: Binding - Difficult Shift Lever Movement
          • Pinpoint Test H: Excessive Noise
      • General Procedures
        • Disc Check
          • Special Tool(s)
        • Pressure Plate Check
        • Flywheel Check
        • Flywheel Runout Check
          • Special Tool(s)
        • Bearing
        • Clutch System Bleeding
      • Removal & Installation
        • Dowels, Flywheel
          • Removal & Installation
        • Dowels, Flywheel Housing to Block
          • Removal & Installation
    • Manual Transmission Servicing
      • Application
      • Lubrication
        • Service Intervals
        • Checking Fluid Level
        • Recommended Fluids
        • Fluid Capacities
        • Draining & Refilling
          • Notes
          • G5M, M50D-R1 & M50D-R2
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Gearshift Cable
          • S6-650
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Extension Housing
          • Removal (M5OD-R1 & M5OD-R2)
          • Installation (M5OD-R1 & M5OD-R2)
        • Gearshift Lever
          • Removal & Installation (G5M/RWD)
        • Output Oil Seal
          • Removal (S6-650)
          • Installation (S6-650)
        • Vehicle Speed Sensor
          • Removal & Installation (G5M)
      • Torque Specifications
• External Pages